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前言

在环境能源和可持续发展的大环境下，想要从根本上减低能耗，先要想办法节省能耗，我们简单的排了下顺序，耗电大户：空调、电梯、照明、其他即插即用设备必须得动力电。

所以，想要从根本上解决空调的能耗问题，先要大致了解下他的发展简史，然后从供需关系中找到一些突破口。

An Early History Of Comfort Heating

关于采暖系统的早期简史

“Though much has been done by ingenious men in the art of distributing heat for household uses; it must be confessed, that in one or two instances only have they been able to make a permanent impression or bring their contrivances into that general use as to constitute them ‘machines of society.’”

“尽管天才们在为家庭分配热量的艺术上做了很多工作;必须承认，只有在一两个例子中，他们能够给人留下永久的印象，或者使他们的发明得到普遍使用，从而使他们成为‘社会的机器’。”

This quotation, from Walter Bernan’s history of heating (published in 1845), sums up the challenge our ancestors faced. Our forebears vigorously attacked this need for heating systems that would make “a permanent impression.” It is safe to say that a continuously working team of engineers, manufacturers, merchants, contractors, and service personnel has succeeded in making heating so reliable that we don’t give it a second thought.

这句话出自沃尔特·伯南的《供暖史》(出版于1845年)，总结了我们祖先所面临的挑战。我们的祖先强烈反对这种对供热系统的需求，因为它会给人留下“永久的印象”。可以肯定地说，一个由工程师、制造商、商人、承包商和服务人员组成的持续不断的工作团队已经成功地使供暖变得如此可靠，以至于我们不再考虑它。

The story of their early work follows. This is by no means a comprehensive history — which would take at least one book, if not an encyclopedia. This article will merely highlight some important milestones and provide information not otherwise readily available. For those who wish to dig deeper, your time and your pocketbook are the only limits.

下面是他们早期工作的故事。这绝不是一部全面的历史——如果不是百科全书的话，至少需要一本书。本文将仅强调一些重要的里程碑，并提供其他方面不易获得的信息。对于那些想要深入挖掘的人来说，你的时间和钱包是唯一的限制。

We who are associated with hvacr don’t often pause to consider the antiquity of our craft. As much as 1.5 million years ago, early humans began using campfires. The hows and whys can only be speculated upon, but we do know from archeological evidence that Homo erectus and Austra-lopithecus used fire at that time as a practical tool. At some point the campfire was brought inside caves and huts. The oldest arrangement was a central fire and a central roof opening for smoke to escape.

我们这些与hvacr有关的人并不经常停下来考虑我们的手艺的古老。早在150万年前，早期人类就开始使用营火。如何和为什么只能推测，但我们从考古证据中知道，直立人和南方猿人在那个时候使用火作为实用工具。在某些时候，营火被带入洞穴和小屋。最古老的布置是一个中央火炉和一个中央屋顶，以便烟雾逸出。

Later the fire was moved to different parts of a dwelling, and various schemes were tried to improve the draft of the fire by using stones. However, even the best open fire is 20% efficient, with most of the heat escaping with the smoke.

后来，火被转移到一个住宅的不同部分，并尝试了各种方案来改善火的通风，使用石头。然而，即使是最好的明火也只有20%的效率，大部分热量会随着烟雾散失。

Ancient Space Heating

古代的空间采暖系统（例如：壁炉、火炉）

Early central heating seems to have developed along several lines that included hearths and fireplaces, stoves, and underfloor systems. Fixed central hearths date as far back as 2500 B.C. They were excavated in Greece.

早期的中央供暖系统似乎沿着几个方向发展，包括壁炉、壁炉、火炉和地板下系统。固定的中央壁炉可以追溯到公元前2500年，它们是在希腊出土的。

Crude fireplace heating was used as early as the 800s A.D., and was widespread in Europe by the 13th century. Castles built at that time had fireplaces that had a short flue to the outside, a crude form of chimney. All of the early fireplaces were constructed entirely of stone, but casting technology improvements led to the introduction of cast iron firebacks designed to protect the stone from direct fire heat.

早在公元8世纪，人们就开始使用原始的壁炉取暖，并在13世纪在欧洲广泛使用。当时建造的城堡有壁炉，壁炉外面有一个短烟道，一种原始的烟囱形式。所有早期的壁炉都是完全用石头建造的，但铸造技术的改进导致了铸铁壁炉的引入，旨在保护石头免受直接的火热。

Louis Savot of France invented the raised grate and designed a circulating fireplace in the early 1600s. Savot used a hollow iron bottom and back in the hearth, through which cold room air entered at the bottom, was warmed, and entered the room through openings above the mantle.

17世纪初，法国的路易斯·萨沃(Louis Savot)发明了凸起的壁炉，并设计了循环壁炉。萨沃使用了一个中空的铁底和炉膛，房间里的冷空气从底部进入，被加热，并通过斗篷上方的开口进入房间。

In England, another improvement was to provide combustion air through a duct from the outside. A French priest (actually a Cardinal) wrote the first comprehensive manual on fireplace design, Mechanique du Feu, in 1713. The science of fireplace construction reached its zenith with Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who published Chimney Fireplaces in 1796.

在英国，另一项改进是从外部通过管道提供燃烧空气。1713年，一位法国牧师(实际上是一位枢机主教)撰写了第一本关于壁炉设计的综合手册《mecique du Feu》。随着本杰明·汤普森(Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford)在1796年出版了《烟囱壁炉》(Chimney Fireplaces)，建造壁炉的科学达到了顶峰。

Like fireplaces, stoves also first appeared in the 800s as crude devices made from clay bricks. Masonry stoves became common in northern Europe by the 1500s. The stoves, called Russian or Swedish stoves, were very large. Later versions were very ornate, with tile coverings.

和壁炉一样，火炉最早出现在19世纪，是由粘土砖制成的简陋设备。16世纪时，砖石炉在北欧变得普遍起来。这些炉子被称为俄罗斯或瑞典炉子，非常大。后来的版本非常华丽，用瓷砖覆盖。

The earliest metal stoves, appearing after 1400, were made of cast iron hearth firebacks connected together. Later, cast iron sections were designed specifically for stove construction, and Holland and Germany became leading centers for iron stove manufacturing.

最早的金属火炉出现在1400年之后，是由铸铁炉膛连接在一起制成的。后来，铸铁部分被专门设计用于炉子的建造，荷兰和德国成为铁炉子制造的主要中心。

Ancient Radiant Heating

古罗马热辐射采暖

Underfloor heating systems, the original radiant panel systems, seem to have first appeared in the Middle East. King Arzawa installed such a system in his palace at Beycesutan, Turkey, about 1300 B.C.

地暖系统，即最初的辐射板系统，似乎最早出现在中东。大约公元前1300年，阿尔扎瓦国王在他位于土耳其贝西苏坦的宫殿里安装了这样一个系统

The Romans brought the technology to high art, beginning about 80 B.C. with systems designed by Sergius Orata. At first the Roman systems heated only the floor, but later systems used heated walls as well, and some were designed as early warm-air heating systems, introducing heated air through floor openings.

罗马人将这项技术带入了高级艺术，大约从公元前80年开始，由塞尔吉乌斯·奥拉塔设计了系统。起初，罗马的供暖系统只加热地板，但后来的系统也使用了加热墙，有些系统被设计成早期的暖空气供暖系统，通过地板开口引入加热空气。

The first systems supported the stone floor on pillars over a chamber with a fire at one end. Combustion gases passed under the floor to the other side. The hollow space below the floor was called the hypocaust, and this name was applied to all the variations of Roman heating systems where an underfloor chamber was used.

第一个系统用柱子支撑石头地板，在一个房间的一端有火。燃烧气体从地板下面传到另一边。地板下面的中空空间被称为地下地下室，这个名字适用于所有使用地下房间的罗马供暖系统。

Later systems used tile flues or hollow tile walls to conduct heated combustion products to eave vents. The fire was moved outside in a separate furnace chamber. Still later, the hypocaust chamber was eliminated and replaced by floor ducts leading from the furnace to the wall flues.

后来的系统使用瓷砖烟道或空心瓷砖墙来将加热的燃烧产物传导到屋檐通风口。火被转移到一个单独的炉室里。再后来，次热室被取消，取而代之的是从炉子到墙壁烟道的地板管道。

Roman hypocaust heating systems were used to heat upper-class Roman houses throughout the empire, but are most noted for use as heating systems for public baths. Between 10 B.C. and 324 A.D., at least 17 major public baths were constructed using hypocaust systems.

罗马地下热水供暖系统被用来为整个帝国的上层罗马房屋供暖，但最著名的是用作公共浴室的供暖系统。在公元前10年至公元324年间，至少有17个主要的公共浴场使用了地下热水系统。

A test conducted at the well-preserved Constantinian Baths constructed about 300 in Trier showed that these systems were very efficient. The hypocaust for the audience hall of the bath operated with a floor temperature of 77? to 95?F and wall temperatures of 66? to 90?, consuming 300 lbs/hr of wood at about 90% efficiency. The system, of course, was not automatic and not easily controlled. It took two days to preheat.

在特里尔建造于公元300年、保存完好的君士坦丁浴场进行的一项测试表明，这些系统非常有效。澡堂观众厅的冷却系统在地板温度为77度的情况下运行。到95年?华氏度和壁温66?到90年?，以90%的效率消耗300磅/小时的木材。当然，这个系统不是自动的，也不容易控制。预热花了两天时间。

The art and science of hypocaust systems was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire. Western heating science advanced very little in the period of the Dark Ages.

在罗马帝国灭亡后，低温系统的艺术和科学就消失了。在黑暗的中世纪时代，西方供暖科学几乎没有进步。

Modern Beginnings: Chimneys And Stoves

现代起源:烟囱和炉子

The next important advance in heating was the invention of the chimney. The origins of the chimney flue probably lie with the Normans, who used sidewall flue openings in place of the previously used central roof vents. Many sidewall flues were constructed at an oblique angle upward, thus beginning a transition to vertical chimney construction.

供热方面的下一个重要进展是烟囱的发明。烟囱烟道的起源可能与诺曼人有关，他们使用侧壁烟道开口来代替以前使用的中央屋顶通风口。许多侧壁烟道以倾斜角度向上建造，从而开始向垂直烟囱结构过渡。

After the 14th century, chimneys appear in written literature. However, their use seems to have spread very slowly. Chimneys were still rare enough 200 years later that one English architect, upon encountering functioning chimneys at Bolton Castle, exclaimed: “I muche notyd in the hawle of Bolton, how chimneys were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of the walls… and by this means … is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle strangely conveyed.”

14世纪以后，烟囱出现在书面文学中。然而，它们的使用似乎传播得非常缓慢。200年后，烟囱仍然很少见，以至于一位英国建筑师在博尔顿城堡(Bolton Castle)遇到功能正常的烟囱时，惊叹道:“我在博尔顿城堡(Bolton Castle)发现，烟囱是如何通过墙头上的隧道输送的……通过这种方式……烟囱里的烟被奇怪地输送出去了。”

Early chimneys were very large, so as to allow a chimney sweep to climb into them. But the size precipitated such vicious drafts that room divider screens sometimes had to be used to shield the occupants.

早期的烟囱非常大，这样扫烟囱的人就可以爬进去。但它的尺寸引发了如此恶劣的气流，以至于有时不得不使用房间分隔屏来保护居住者。

Stove heating soon advanced beyond the crude devices first used. The first freestanding warm-air stove was probably the “Furnus Acapnos” or “smokeless stove” invented by Dalesme in France in the late 1600s. Dalesme introduced fresh fuel in the same opening as combustion air, directing all combustion products over already-burning fuel, a design that ensured complete combustion.

炉子加热很快就超越了最初使用的简陋设备。第一个独立的暖风炉可能是“Furnus Acapnos”或“无烟炉”，由法国的Dalesme在17世纪末发明。Dalesme将新鲜燃料引入与燃烧空气相同的开口，将所有燃烧产物引导到已经燃烧的燃料上，这种设计确保了完全燃烧。

Although the smokeless stove was a great advance, it and other heating innovations were accepted slowly, for “…few housekeepers are philosophers enough to be willing to undertake the management of a machine requiring especial mental effort, where the advantages are not directly visible to the senses.”

尽管无烟炉子是一个巨大的进步，但它和其他取暖方面的创新被接受得很慢，因为“很少有管家是哲学家，愿意承担管理一种需要特别脑力劳动的机器，在这种机器的好处不是直接可见的感官。”

The earliest stove in North America was probably a cast iron box stove invented by Dr. John Clarke of the Massachusetts Bay Colony about 1652. This type of stove had originated in Holland and was imported into England after 1600. By the mid-1700s, cast iron box stoves were being manufactured by a number of eastern Colonial American foundries.

北美最早的炉子可能是1652年马萨诸塞湾殖民地的约翰·克拉克博士发明的铸铁箱炉。这种炉子起源于荷兰，1600年后传入英国。到18世纪中期，美国东部殖民地的一些铸造厂开始生产铸铁箱式炉灶。

Stoves continued evolving throughout the 1800s. Notable improvements included the base burner stove invented by Eliphalet Knott in 1833, and the airtight stove invented by Isaac Orr in 1836.

炉灶在整个19世纪不断发展。值得注意的改进包括1833年由Eliphalet Knott发明的基础燃烧器炉，以及1836年由Isaac Orr发明的气密炉。

A stove with thermostatic draft control was invented by F.P. Oliver in 1849.

1849年，F.P.奥利弗发明了恒温通风控制炉。

By the time of the Civil War, cast iron stove manufacturing was a large and well-established industry, particularly in the northeastern U.S. By 1900, thousands of different designs (many approaching pieces of art in their appearance) were produced by dozens of manufacturers.

到南北战争时期，铸铁炉制造已经是一个庞大而成熟的行业，特别是在美国东北部。到1900年，几十家制造商生产了数千种不同的设计(许多外观上接近艺术品)。

Heating With Warm Air

空气采暖系统

Warm-air heating as we know it may date to around the year 200, when Emperor Heliogabalus is said to have had a palace warmed by air. A stove was placed in a brick chamber under the rooms. Outside air was ducted into the chamber under the stove, the heated air then flowing  through openings into the rooms above.

据我们所知，暖风取暖可以追溯到公元200年左右，据说当时的皇帝赫利奥加巴卢斯(Heliogabalus)有一座用空气取暖的宫殿。在房间下面的砖房里放了一个炉子。外面的空气通过管道进入炉子下面的房间，然后加热的空气通过开口流入上面的房间。

The first good records of a warm-air system date to the 1200s. These records indicate that the city hall in Luneberg, Germany had a central warm-air system using three furnaces. The heating chamber connected to the rooms above with round ducts that opened under seats. Temperature was individually regulated with iron covers over the duct openings. A similar system was constructed about the same time at Marburg Castle in Germany.

最早关于暖空气系统的记录可以追溯到12世纪。这些记录表明，德国吕内堡的市政厅有一个使用三个炉子的中央暖风系统。加热室通过座椅下方的圆形管道与上面的房间相连。温度是单独调节的，在管道开口上有铁罩。大约在同一时间，德国的马尔堡城堡也建造了类似的系统。

The Industrial Revolution provided the catalyst for more advanced warm-air systems. In England about 1805, William Strutt invented a warm-air furnace that consisted of a riveted, wrought iron air chamber encased in brick. A couple inches of space between the brick and the iron allowed air to circulate. A large space outside the brick was split horizontally into two sections, the lower one for cool air and the upper one for heated air. A multitude of 2-sq-in. openings penetrated the brick casing. Cool air moved from the lower chamber through the openings, was heated by the iron furnace, and moved out through the upper openings into the heated air chamber.

工业革命为更先进的暖空气系统提供了催化剂。大约在1805年的英国，威廉·斯特拉特发明了一种暖气炉，它由一个铆接的锻铁空气室组成，空气室包裹在砖里。砖和铁之间有几英寸的空隙，让空气流通。砖外的一个大空间被水平分成两部分，下层用于冷却空气，上层用于加热空气。许多2平方英尺。洞口穿透了砖的外壳。冷空气从下腔通过开口，被铁炉加热，并从上腔进入加热空气腔。

Ducts fed the heated air into rooms, and the room openings were fitted with dampers “to regulate the admission of warm air at pleasure.” Strutt’s hot air furnaces were referred to as “cockle,” “Belper,” or “Derby” stoves.

管道将热空气送入房间，房间开口安装了阻尼器，“以调节热空气的进入。”斯特拉特的热风炉被称为“cockle”、“Belper”或“Derby”炉。

At about the same time, firetube hot air furnaces were invented in France. These “caloriferes” were constructed with a number of iron pipes placed at a slight pitch through the brick faces of a fire chamber. The cool air entered at one face, was heated in the pipes exposed directly to the fire, and exited at the other face.

大约在同一时间，法国发明了火管热风炉。这些“燃烧室”是由一些铁管组成的，这些铁管以轻微的间距穿过燃烧室的砖面。冷空气从一侧进入，在直接暴露在火上的管道中加热，然后从另一侧排出。

Technically, the cockle and calorifere furnaces were important advances, but their constructors knew very little more about the true principles of hot air heating than did their ancient predecessors.

从技术上讲，加热量炉是重要的进步，但它们的建造者对热空气加热的真正原理所知甚少。

A more scientific approach emerged when Professor Dr. Paul Meissner of the Vienna Polytechnical Institute, Vienna, Austria, published a book on heating with hot air in 1821, wherein he explained the laws of warm-air heating. He was the first to recognize that provisions must be made to draw off cool air as warm air is admitted to a room; that this cool air could be returned to the furnace for reheating; and he even proposed the use of mixing dampers.

1821年，奥地利维也纳理工学院的保罗·迈斯纳(Paul Meissner)教授出版了一本关于热空气加热的书，其中解释了暖空气加热的规律，一种更科学的方法出现了。他是第一个认识到当热空气进入房间时，必须采取措施抽走冷空气的人;冷却的空气可以回到炉中重新加热;他甚至建议使用混合阻尼器。

Meissner was vociferously attacked by stove makers of the time. He replied with words that ring true today: “As an invention enters more deeply into our daily life and has greater value for the general welfare, and the more simple the principles upon which it is based, so much greater in proportion is the opposition to it, for at the very beginning it is bound to cross certain private interests of such parties as are living by their wits, and insults the pride and selfishness of others that are non-producers, both of whom are consumed by jealousy and short sightedness, because something useful has developed in the brain of a third party. Both the opposition parties, though they hate each other, will combine to cry down the invention and crush the inventor.”

迈斯纳遭到了当时炉子制造商的猛烈抨击。他的回答在今天听起来很真实:”作为一项发明进入更深入我们的日常生活和公共福利的更大的价值,和更简单的原则,因此更大比例的反对派,在刚开始的时候它被绑定到十字架某些私人利益等各方的生活智慧,和侮辱他人的傲慢和自私non-producers,两人都被嫉妒和近视,因为第三方的大脑中产生了一些有用的东西。两个反对党虽然彼此憎恨，但他们会联合起来反对这项发明，粉碎发明者。”

Meissner believed that not only would they beat a path to your door if you invented a better mousetrap, they would also knock your door in and proceed to beat you up!

迈斯纳认为，如果你发明了一个更好的捕鼠器，它们不仅会敲开你的门，还会继续揍你!

Despite the contemporary opposition, Professor Meissner was right, and his principles underlie all modern warm-air heating systems.

尽管当时有人反对，迈斯纳教授是对的，他的原理是所有现代暖风供暖系统的基础。

In the United States, Oliver Evans published The Young Millwright And Miller’s Guide in 1795, in which he illustrated a central hot-air system with ducts leading to individual rooms.

在美国，奥利弗·埃文斯(Oliver Evans)于1795年出版了《年轻的米勒和米勒指南》(the Young Millwright And Miller’s Guide)，在书中他描绘了一个中央热空气系统，该系统有通往各个房间的管道。

Other hot-air systems were introduced in the United States before 1820 for use in larger institutional buildings. The first U.S. building to be centrally heated was probably the Massachusetts Medical College in 1816. The system used a gravity hot-air system with a basement furnace and ductwork to the rooms.

其他热空气系统在1820年之前被引入美国，用于大型机构建筑。美国第一座集中供暖的建筑可能是1816年的马萨诸塞州医学院。该系统使用重力热风系统，带有地下室炉和通往房间的管道系统。

A central heating furnace, of the gravity type later commonly seen, was said to have been invented in 1835 in Worcester, MA. Early furnaces were locally produced for the specific job — there was no furnace industry per se. The first U.S. furnace manufacturer was the Richardson & Boynton Co., which began mass marketing furnaces about 1837. The company survived until 1942.

据说1835年在马萨诸塞州伍斯特发明了一种后来常见的重力式中央加热炉。早期的熔炉是为特定的工作在当地生产的——没有熔炉工业本身。美国第一家电炉制造商是理查德森&博因顿公司，大约在1837年开始大规模销售电炉。这家公司一直存活到1942年。

There were several manufacturers by the time of the Civil War, but the golden age for warm-air furnaces was after that war. From 1866 to 1900, many dozens of firms entered the furnace business. Furnaces were considered to be safe and easy to operate, ensuring their early popularity over steam heating systems, which required skilled operation lest they would explode!

到内战时，已经有几家制造商，但暖风炉的黄金时代是在那场战争之后。从1866年到1900年，许多公司进入熔炉行业。熔炉被认为是安全且易于操作的，确保了它们早期比蒸汽加热系统更受欢迎，蒸汽加热系统需要熟练的操作，以免爆炸!

Early furnaces were rated by fire pot size and/or by the volume of building air they would heat. There was no standard for rating, and identical furnaces sported different ratings by different manufacturers. Outlandish claims were made, and by 1900 many manufacturers had gone out of business or merged due to a raging price war. The price war had resulted in wilder claims for the cheapened products, and by the turn of the century, warm-air heating had gotten a bad reputation as a “don’t give a hoot” industry.

早期的炉子是根据炉膛大小和/或它们所加热的建筑空气的体积来评定的。当时没有评级标准，相同的炉子在不同的制造商那里有不同的评级。到1900年，由于激烈的价格战，许多制造商已经破产或被合并。价格战导致了对廉价产品的更疯狂的要求，到世纪之交，暖风供暖已经得到了一个“不在乎”行业的坏名声。

Hot water heating was making inroads into what had been a seemingly secure market. Frightened manufacturers formed the Federal Furnace League in 1905, to “elevate warm-air heating to the position it rightfully deserved.” For the first time, an attempt was made to standardize ratings among manufacturers. These efforts culminated in the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association in 1914. Test and research programs were conducted at the University of Illinois. The association later produced a series of manuals for proper sizing and installation of warm-air heating systems.

热水供暖正在进入这个看似安全的市场。受到惊吓的制造商在1905年成立了联邦熔炉联盟，以“将暖风加热提升到应有的地位”。这是第一次尝试对制造商之间的评级进行标准化。这些努力最终在1914年成立了全国暖风供暖和通风协会。测试和研究项目在伊利诺伊大学进行。该协会后来制作了一系列关于暖风供暖系统的适当尺寸和安装的手册。

Warm-air systems relied upon the temperature/density relationship to induce circulation, but the idea of using an electric fan to boost circulation surfaced shortly after table fans became widely available in the 1880s. One installation was reported in a house in the late 1800s where a fan was combined with a homemade gas furnace in Mannington, WV. It seems that a school board member wanted to duplicate the large fan system at his school, so he downsized the idea for his home.

暖风系统依靠温度/密度关系来诱导循环，但在19世纪80年代台式风扇广泛使用后不久，使用电风扇促进循环的想法浮出水面。据报道，19世纪末在西弗吉尼亚州曼宁顿的一所房子里安装了一个风扇和一个自制的煤气炉。似乎是一个学校董事会成员想在他的学校复制大风扇系统，所以他缩小了他的家的想法。

General Electric advertised such a booster fan designed specifically for furnace application in 1910. A paper was presented to the American Society of Ventilating Engineers in 1896 discussing the use of blowers with furnaces. Emerson Electric marketed a disc fan blower to be added to the return side of the furnace in 1908. Blowers or disc fans were periodically applied to residential furnaces into the 20s, after which manufacturers began to take a hard look at equipping furnaces with fans as a package. However, package blower-furnace units were not widely available until the 1930s.

通用电气在1910年宣传了一种专门为熔炉应用而设计的增压风扇。1896年，一篇论文被提交给美国通风工程师协会，讨论了鼓风机与炉子的使用。1908年，艾默生电气公司在市场上销售了一种圆盘式风机鼓风机，该鼓风机被添加到炉子的返回侧。20世纪20年代，鼓风机或圆盘风扇定期应用于住宅炉，此后制造商开始认真考虑将风扇作为一个包装装备炉子。然而，直到20世纪30年代，包装鼓风机机组才广泛使用。

Steam Heating

蒸汽供暖系统

William Cook was apparently the first to propose steam heating in 1745 in England. By the 1790s, steam engine pioneers Matthew Boulton and James Watt had installed steam heating in their residences. Watt tried a crude radiator made of soldered copper sheeting.

威廉·库克显然是1745年英国第一个提出蒸汽加热的人。到18世纪90年代，蒸汽机的先驱马修·博尔顿和詹姆斯·瓦特在他们的住宅里安装了蒸汽供暖系统。瓦特尝试了一个用铜片焊接而成的粗糙散热器。

At first steam heating progressed only in England, being used to heat mills and factories. In fact, the first manual on steam heating was titled An Essay on the Warming of Mills and Other Buildings by Steam, published in Glasgow, Scotland by civil engineer Robertson Buchanan. The advantage of steam heating, according to Buchanan, is the avoidance of “the excessive expense of insurance, arising from the combustible nature of the materials of cotton manufacture in particular; the great difficulty of retrieving the injury resulting to a well-established business from the accidental destruction of machinery; and the frequent alarms from fire in our powder mills, arsenals, and dock-yards....”

起初，蒸汽加热只在英国发展起来，被用来给磨坊和工厂供暖。事实上，第一本关于蒸汽供暖的手册是由土木工程师罗伯逊·布坎南在苏格兰格拉斯哥出版的《关于蒸汽使磨坊和其他建筑物变暖的论文》。根据布坎南的说法，蒸汽加热的优点是避免了“由于棉花制造材料的可燃性而产生的过度保险费用;由于机器的意外损坏，对一个成熟的企业造成的损害很难恢复;还有我们的粉厂、军火库和船坞经常发出的火警.... "

Buchanan expanded his manual to a full handbook on steam heating in 1810. His Treatise on the Economy of Fuel and the Management of Heat was the first heating engineering book.

1810年，布坎南将他的手册扩充为一本关于蒸汽加热的完整手册。他的《燃料经济与热管理论著》是第一本供热工程书籍。

Europeans seem to have been reluctant to use steam heating, in some cases for political reasons. In Germany, architect Ludwig Catel published a manual on steam heating in 1817, “to help others to avoid spending good money to have steam heating apparatus carried out by the English.” A few installations were made, but steam was generally not accepted in Europe for another decade or more.

欧洲人似乎一直不愿意使用蒸汽供暖，在某些情况下是出于政治原因。在德国，建筑师路德维希·卡特(Ludwig Catel)于1817年出版了一本关于蒸汽加热的手册，“以帮助其他人避免花很多钱让英国人使用蒸汽加热设备。”虽然安装了一些装置，但在接下来的十年或更长的时间里，蒸汽在欧洲普遍不被接受。

There was no such resistance to steam in the U.S. due to the ready import of ideas and equipment from England. A number of steam heating systems were installed after 1810, one of the earliest at a factory in Middletown, CT, in 1811. This system used exhaust steam from a high-pressure steam engine; thus the heating was essentially free. Joseph Nason and James Walworth installed steam systems after 1840 using small-diameter wrought iron pipe. Nason and Walworth installed numerous steam heating systems in large buildings during the next decades, including the White House and the Capitol Building in Washington, DC.

在美国，由于现成的从英国进口的思想和设备，对蒸汽没有这样的抵制。1810年后安装了许多蒸汽加热系统，其中最早的一个是1811年在康涅狄格州米德尔敦的一家工厂安装的。该系统使用高压蒸汽机排出的蒸汽;因此加热基本上是免费的。1840年后，约瑟夫·纳森和詹姆斯·沃尔沃斯使用小直径锻铁管安装了蒸汽系统。在接下来的几十年里，内森和沃尔沃斯在大型建筑中安装了许多蒸汽加热系统，包括白宫和华盛顿特区的国会大厦。

One of the earliest pioneers in residential steam heating systems was Stephen Gold, a Connecticut stove maker who began experimenting with steam in the late 1840s. The steam systems of the time were considered too complicated and unsafe for household use. On the other hand, furnaces and stoves were considered uncomplicated and safe, but many people were uncomfortable in buildings heated by air due to “scorched air” and excessively dry conditions. Gold strove to overcome these issues, and was granted a U.S. patent for “Improvement in warming houses by steam” in 1854.

住宅蒸汽供暖系统最早的先驱之一是康涅狄格州的炉灶制造商斯蒂芬·戈尔德(Stephen Gold)，他在19世纪40年代末开始试验蒸汽。当时的蒸汽系统被认为过于复杂和不安全，不适合家庭使用。另一方面，熔炉和火炉被认为是简单和安全的，但由于“焦热的空气”和过度干燥的条件，许多人在空气加热的建筑物中感到不舒服。戈尔德努力克服这些问题，并于1854年获得了“改善蒸汽取暖房屋”的美国专利。

Gold’s system was unique at the time. Large steam systems used coils or rows of pipe to heat rooms, while Gold used the first radiator, a device consisting of two dimpled iron sheets that were riveted together at the dimples. The edges were rolled over with a piece of cord as a gasket. Gold’s radiator came to be called “the mattress radiator” due to its appearance, and was manufactured for at least 50 years.

Gold的系统在当时是独一无二的。大型蒸汽系统使用盘管或排管来加热房间，而戈尔德使用的是第一个散热器，这个装置由两块有凹痕的铁皮组成，在凹痕处铆接在一起。边缘被一根绳子卷起来作为垫片。戈尔德的散热器因其外观被称为“床垫散热器”，并且制造了至少50年。

Gold’s boiler was made of wrought iron and featured an automatic draft regulator and automatic water valve. The system operated at very low pressure using one pipe to distribute the steam. Gold’s radiators featured inlet valves and manual air vents. The system was manufactured by the Connecticut Steam Heating Company after 1854.

戈尔德的锅炉由熟铁制成，配有自动通风调节器和自动水阀。该系统在非常低的压力下运行，使用一根管道来分配蒸汽。Gold的散热器配备了进气阀和手动通风口。该系统在1854年后由康涅狄格蒸汽加热公司制造。

Steam heating, like warm air, blossomed after the Civil War. A number of manufacturers began making boilers and radiators of various designs. Like stoves of the era, many could be considered works of art. The steam heating systems of the 19th century operated at low pressure, using one or two pipes and a boiler or steam engine exhaust for a steam source.

像暖空气一样，蒸汽供暖在南北战争后蓬勃发展。许多制造商开始制造各种设计的锅炉和散热器。就像那个时代的火炉一样，许多都可以被视为艺术品。19世纪的蒸汽加热系统在低压下运行，使用一根或两根管道和锅炉或蒸汽机排气作为蒸汽源。

As buildings in the U.S. became larger and more intricate, the earlier steam systems proved to have problems with effective distribution of the steam and condensed steam (condensate). These problems were overcome in the 1890s with the development of the vacuum-return steam heating system, perfected by Warren Webster using the patents of DeBeaumont and Williames. The Webster system maintained a vacuum in the condensate return line, thus drawing steam throughout the system no matter the size. Vacuum-return systems soon became the system of choice for larger buildings.

随着美国的建筑变得越来越大，越来越复杂，早期的蒸汽系统被证明在有效分配蒸汽和冷凝蒸汽(冷凝水)方面存在问题。这些问题在19世纪90年代随着真空回流蒸汽加热系统的发展而被克服，沃伦·韦伯斯特利用德博蒙特和威廉姆斯的专利对其进行了完善。韦伯斯特系统在冷凝水回流管道中保持真空，从而使蒸汽无论尺寸如何都能在整个系统中产生。真空回流系统很快成为大型建筑的首选系统。

Many different patented designs of steam heating systems were in use by World War I. However, steam heating never really became popular for home heating due to perceptions about complexity, noise, and fear of explosions. The choice for “wet” heating systems in residences and small commercial buildings fell to hot water, later named “hydronic” systems.

第一次世界大战期间使用了许多不同的蒸汽加热系统专利设计。然而，由于对复杂性，噪音和对爆炸的恐惧，蒸汽加热从未真正在家庭供暖中流行起来。住宅和小型商业建筑的“湿式”供暖系统选择了热水，后来被命名为“循环”系统。

Hydronic Systems

液体或蒸汽供热系统

The earliest recorded use of hot water heating may be that of a monastery in Greenland that used hot spring water to heat the buildings at the end of the 14th century. In England, Sir Hugh Platt proposed using hot water to dry out gunpowder in 1653, and Sir Martin Triewald proposed warming greenhouses with hot water.

最早使用热水取暖的记录可能是14世纪末格陵兰岛的一座修道院，它使用温泉水来加热建筑物。在英国，休·普拉特爵士于1653年提出用热水烘干火药，马丁·特里瓦尔德爵士提出用热水加热温室。

In the late 1700s, M. Bonne-main in France constructed an actual hot water heating system using a boiler. The French idea was refined and introduced into England by the Marquis de Chabannes in 1816. Charles Hood of London wrote the first engineering handbook for hot water heating in 1837, which was subsequently published in revised editions for 50 years.

18世纪末，法国的Bonne-main先生用锅炉建造了一个真正的热水加热系统。1816年，夏巴纳侯爵(Marquis de Chabannes)改良了法国的观念，并将其引入英国。1837年，伦敦的查尔斯·胡德(Charles Hood)撰写了第一本热水加热工程手册，随后出版了50年的修订版。

All of these early hot water systems relied on the thermosiphon principle for circulation and came to be called “gravity” systems. Some attempts were made to accelerate the circulation with crude pumps, but the idea of using a circulator did not see real use until the beginning of the 20th century.

所有这些早期的热水系统都依靠热虹吸原理进行循环，后来被称为“重力”系统。人们曾尝试用原油泵加速循环，但直到20世纪初，使用循环器的想法才真正得到应用。

Early hot water systems used very large pipes because it was thought this was necessary to ensure adequate circulation and heat retention. Angier Perkins recognized the drawbacks of these bulky systems. He designed a high-pressure hot water system using small-diameter, thick-walled wrought iron pipe that he patented in 1831. His system heated the water in pipe coils placed in a furnace, then circulated hot water to coils of pipe or baseboard heaters in the rooms to be heated.

早期的热水系统使用非常大的管道，因为人们认为这是确保足够的循环和保温所必需的。安吉尔·珀金斯意识到了这些庞大系统的缺点。他设计了一种高压热水系统，使用小直径、厚壁锻铁管，并于1831年获得专利。他的系统在炉子里的管盘里加热水，然后将热水循环到待加热房间里的管盘或踢脚板加热器。

Perkins relied on very high temperatures and pressures to force the water to circulate through 1-in. pipes. The pipes were connected with screw joints to withstand the high pressures. Perkins’ systems were designed to operate at a 400? temperature and about 200-psi pressure. They frequently ran hotter than that — as much as 550? and 1,100 psi. After a few fires and explosions, Perkins modified his system by installing a temperature-limiting device, operating the system at a lower pressure and temperature. The Perkins’ system was very popular in England until the 1850s but then died out. The idea of high-temperature hot water systems languished until they were revived in the 1920s.

珀金斯依靠非常高的温度和压力来迫使水在1-in中循环。管道。这些管子用螺丝接头连接以承受高压。珀金斯的系统被设计成运行在400?温度和大约200 psi的压力。它们经常比这个温度高——高达550?1100psi。经过几次火灾和爆炸后，帕金斯通过安装一个温度限制装置来改进他的系统，使系统在较低的压力和温度下运行。珀金斯制度在19世纪50年代之前在英国非常流行，但后来就消失了。高温热水系统的想法一直萎靡不振，直到20世纪20年代才重新兴起。

In the U.S., Robert Briggs began to design and install hot water heating systems after 1840.

在美国，罗伯特·布里格斯在1840年后开始设计和安装热水加热系统。

The aforementioned Joseph Nason and James Walworth introduced the Perkins’ high-pressure hot water heating system into the U.S. in 1842; however, it was little used. Use of hot water systems seems to have been limited until the 1880s, when they suddenly became very popular.

前面提到的约瑟夫·纳森和詹姆斯·沃尔沃斯于1842年将珀金斯的高压热水加热系统引入美国;然而，它很少被使用。热水系统的使用似乎一直很有限，直到19世纪80年代，热水系统突然变得非常流行。

Steam heating for residences, already crippled by competition from furnace manufacturers, rapidly declined, and hot water became the dominant system for homes, especially in the eastern United States.

由于炉炉制造商的竞争，住宅用的蒸汽供暖已经举步维艰，迅速衰落，热水成为家庭的主要供暖系统，尤其是在美国东部。

Registers, Boilers, Radiators, And Industry Consolidation

采购产品登记，锅炉，散热器，和行业整合

No sooner did furnace manufacturers establish themselves, then makers of stock designs of heating registers appeared as well. Tuttle & Brother was established in Brooklyn in 1845 to manufacture heating registers and grilles. The name changed to Tuttle & Bailey (T&B) in 1848. William Highton & Sons began in Providence, RI, in 1850 — the company was later absorbed by Hart & Cooley in 1928.

熔炉制造商刚成立不久，加热寄存器的库存设计制造商也出现了。塔特尔兄弟公司于1845年在布鲁克林成立，主要生产加热记录仪和格栅。公司于1848年更名为塔特尔&贝利(T&B)。威廉·海顿父子公司于1850年在罗德岛普罗维登斯成立，该公司后来于1928年被哈特库利公司收购。

An 1851, the T&B catalog lists cast iron registers available with black or white “japanned” finish, gold bronze, or with nickel plating. They were shipped in wooden barrels packed in straw. Packing was expensive, and it was customary to charge the customer for the packing as well as the register.

1851年，T&B目录列出了黑色或白色“日本”抛光，金青铜或镀镍的铸铁寄存器。它们装在木桶里，用稻草包装。包装是昂贵的，而且习惯上要向顾客收取包装和登记费。

In 1895, Charles Foster of St. Louis, MO, patented a damper-type register. In 1899, Novelty Manufacturing Co. was the first to make steel registers in Jackson, MI.

1895年，密苏里州圣路易斯的查尔斯·福斯特(Charles Foster)为阻尼式寄存器申请了专利。1899年，新颖性制造公司是第一个在密歇根州杰克逊制造钢铁注册机的公司。

The design and artistry of heating registers was almost limitless. Some had footrests, humidifying pans, or were even designed to look like fireplace fronts.

加热寄存器的设计和艺术性几乎是无限的。有些有脚凳，加湿锅，甚至被设计成壁炉前面的样子。

Meanwhile, boiler design saw continuous improvement. Section-al cast iron boilers appeared  around 1850. John Mills invented a successful watertube boiler in the 1870s. Early boilers (and furnaces) were encased in brick, but by 1900, steel-encased furnaces and free-standing cast iron boilers appeared.

同时，锅炉的设计也在不断改进。1850年左右出现了分段铸铁锅炉。约翰·米尔斯在19世纪70年代发明了一种成功的水管锅炉。早期的锅炉(和炉子)是用砖包裹的，但到1900年，钢包裹的炉子和独立的铸铁锅炉出现了。

Early steam and hot water systems used pipe coils mounted on walls or in various places in a room. Often these pipes were coiled or assembled in a serpentine manner, and were placed in ornate cabinets called “coil cases.” Placement of the heating surface in the room came to be called “direct” radiation.

早期的蒸汽和热水系统使用安装在墙壁上或房间内不同位置的管盘管。通常，这些管道被盘绕或以蛇形的方式组装，并被放置在称为“线圈箱”的华丽橱柜中。房间内受热面的放置被称为“直接”辐射。

The coils were also recessed in walls, behind grates, or placed below the floor in a compartment connected to the room with a short duct and register. Such an approach was referred to as “indirect” radiation. Radiators of all types were sized by the amount of surface they had, measured in square feet.

这些线圈也被嵌在墙壁里，在格栅后面，或者放在地板下面的一个隔间里，用短管道和寄存器连接到房间里。这种方法被称为“间接”辐射。所有类型的散热器都是根据它们的表面大小来确定尺寸的，以平方英尺为单位。

Radiators as we know them date to 1863, when Joseph Nason and Robert Briggs patented a new design featuring vertical wrought iron tubes screwed into a cast iron base. Each tube was proportioned to have exactly 1 sq ft of surface when screwed into the base, allowing many standard sizes of radiators to be manufactured. Nelson Bundy invented the first popular cast iron radiator in 1874. By the 1880s, cast iron sectional radiators became very popular.

我们所知道的散热器可以追溯到1863年，当时约瑟夫·内森和罗伯特·布里格斯申请了一项新设计的专利，该设计将垂直锻铁管拧入铸铁底座。当拧入底座时，每个管的比例正好为1平方英尺，允许制造许多标准尺寸的散热器。尼尔森邦迪在1874年发明了第一个流行的铸铁散热器。到了19世纪80年代，铸铁散热器变得非常流行。

Competition between manufacturers of boilers and radiators was intense. As in the furnace business, bankruptcies and consolidations were frequent. The late 19th century saw the rise of the Business Trust, and the heating industry was quick to use this business form to improve the competitive situation. The most successful such trust was the American Radiator Company, which consolidated a number of the leading boiler and radiator manufacturers in 1891. Its advertising boasted: “The largest makers of radiators in the world.”

锅炉和散热器制造商之间的竞争非常激烈。与炼铁炉行业一样，破产和合并也很频繁。19世纪后期，商业托拉斯兴起，供暖行业迅速利用这种商业形式来改善竞争形势。这种信任最成功的是美国散热器公司，它在1891年整合了一些领先的锅炉和散热器制造商。它的广告吹嘘道:“世界上最大的散热器制造商。”

The company was the Microsoft of its time. Its success in capturing most of the radiator business is evident when surveying buildings with old radiators — American Radiator made most of them. The company exists today as American Standard.

该公司是当时的微软。在调查使用旧散热器的建筑物时，它在占领大部分散热器业务方面的成功是显而易见的-美国散热器制造了大部分。该公司今天以美国标准公司的名义存在。

The Fan System

空调系统，或者空气传递系统

Concurrent with the development of static steam, hot water, and warm-air systems, another line of thought proceeded, that of using forced hot air.

随着静态蒸汽、热水和暖空气系统的发展，另一种思路也随之出现，即使用强制热空气。

All of the early developments in forced-air systems concerned themselves with large buildings and factories. These large combinations of a fan and heater were referred to as “plenum” or “hot blast” systems. They rarely used furnaces directly in the airstream, but instead relied on indirect heaters using steam and, in a few cases, hot water. All of the early systems used 100% outside air. The use of recirculated air was not considered until after the 1890s.

强制空气系统的所有早期发展都与大型建筑物和工厂有关。这些风扇和加热器的大型组合被称为“整流”或“热风”系统。他们很少直接在气流中使用炉子，而是依靠使用蒸汽的间接加热器，在少数情况下使用热水。所有早期的系统都100%使用外部空气。直到19世纪90年代以后才考虑使用再循环空气。

John Desaguliers had designed the first modern heating blower, turned by hand by an operator referred to as the “ventilator” for the British Houses of Parliament in 1735. The design of centrifugal blowers was continually improved in England and Europe during the late 18th and 19th centuries. These early fans were mostly operated by steam engines.

John Desaguliers在1735年为英国议会大厦设计了第一个现代加热鼓风机，由一个被称为“通风机”的操作员手动转动。离心式鼓风机的设计在18世纪末和19世纪在英国和欧洲不断得到改进。这些早期的风扇大多是由蒸汽机操作的。

The Marquis de Chabannes advocated use of a centrifugal fan to force heated or cooled air through ducts to rooms. In December of 1815, he obtained a British patent for “a method or methods of conducting air, and regulating the temperature in houses or other buildings, and warming and cooling either air or liquids in a much more expeditious and consequently less expensive manner than hath hitherto been done....”

夏巴纳侯爵主张使用离心风机迫使加热或冷却的空气通过管道进入房间。1815年12月，他获得了一项英国专利，“一种或多种传导空气的方法，调节房屋或其他建筑物的温度，以比迄今为止更迅速、更便宜的方式加热和冷却空气或液体....”。

Walworth and Nason installed the first U.S. fan-type system for the U.S. Customs House in Boston in 1846. “The fan used was a paddle-wheel like that used on steamboats....The air was heated by coils of 3/4-inch pipe...a sufficient pressure being carried on the boiler to run the small steam engine that drove the fan, the exhaust steam being used to heat one of the coils.”

1846年，沃尔沃斯和内森为波士顿的美国海关大楼安装了第一个美国风扇式系统。“使用的风扇是一个类似于蒸汽船上使用的桨轮....空气由3/4英寸长的管卷加热。锅炉上有足够的压力来驱动驱动风扇的小型蒸汽机，排出的蒸汽被用来加热其中一个盘管。”

General Montgomery Meigs planned a much larger system in 1855 for the House and Senate wings of the U.S. Capitol. “The system recommended and adopted was that of a forced or plenum ventilation, the entering air being propelled by two large centrifugal fans, one 16 feet and one 12 feet in diameter, motive power being applied by vertical (steam) engines, the cranks of which were keyed on to the fan shaft. These fans as built...consisted of circular iron discs...on the periphery on one side of which was bolted cast iron quadrilateral vanes. These vanes were curved and placed on the line of a logarithmic spiral of 45 degrees. The fans were centered in a ring of brick work....”

蒙哥马利·梅格斯将军在1855年为美国国会大厦的参众两院设计了一个更大的系统。“推荐和采用的系统是强制或充气通风，进入的空气由两个大型离心风扇推进，一个直径16英尺，一个直径12英尺，动力由垂直(蒸汽)发动机提供，其曲柄与风扇轴相连。这些风扇是…由圆形的铁盘组成…在其外围一侧螺栓铸铁四边形叶片。这些叶片是弯曲的，并放置在45度的对数螺旋线上。扇子以砖砌成的环形为中心....”

The earliest fan systems were constructed completely onsite. However, it was soon evident that there was a manufacturing opportunity. Shoemaker Benjamin F. Sturtevant patented a combination fan and heat exchanger for cooling or heating purposes in 1869. He soon had established a company to manufacture and sell fans and heating systems. Other companies, such as Buffalo Forge Co. and American Blower Co., followed.

最早的风扇系统完全是在现场建造的。然而，很快就发现了制造业的机会。1869年，鞋匠Benjamin F. Sturtevant获得了用于冷却或加热目的的组合风扇和热交换器的专利。他很快就成立了一家制造和销售风扇和供暖系统的公司。Buffalo Forge Co.和American Blower Co.等其他公司也纷纷效仿。

By the 1890s, the method of using a fan to blow air over a steam- or water-heated surface, then distributing the air to rooms in large buildings, was well established. Such “hot blast” systems easily combined the need for ventilation with heating. By the turn of the century, these systems were quite sophisticated, some even featuring thermostatic and zone control. The plenum system lent itself to cooling as well with additional coils cooled in summer by refrigerated brine. These hot blast systems were also being equipped with air washers for filtering and humidifying by the 1890s.

到19世纪90年代，使用风扇将空气吹过蒸汽或水加热的表面，然后将空气分配到大型建筑物的各个房间的方法已经建立起来。这种“热风”系统很容易将通风和加热结合起来。到世纪之交，这些系统相当复杂，有些甚至具有恒温和区域控制功能。整流系统也可以通过额外的盘管进行冷却，在夏季通过冷冻盐水进行冷却。到19世纪90年代，这些热风系统还配备了空气洗涤器，用于过滤和加湿。

The popularity of hot blast systems spurred the radiator manufacturers to develop cast iron heat exchangers with an extended surface that could replace the banks of pipe that previously had been used. The most successful was the Vento sectional cast iron surface developed by John Spear in 1903 and marketed and manufactured by American Radiator Co.

热风系统的普及促使散热器制造商开发具有延伸表面的铸铁热交换器，以取代以前使用的管道组。最成功的是由John Spear于1903年开发的Vento断面铸铁表面，并由美国散热器公司销售和制造。

Lawrence Soule, who worked with Spear, improved upon the idea with his “Aerofin” heating surface, introduced in the early 1920s. The Aerofin used spirally wrapped copper sheet to produce a finned, lightweight heat exchanger. It quickly supplanted cast iron.

与斯皮尔一起工作的劳伦斯·索尔(Lawrence Soule)在20世纪20年代早期提出了他的“Aerofin”加热表面，改进了这个想法。Aerofin使用螺旋缠绕的铜片来制造翅片式轻质热交换器。它很快取代了铸铁。

Thermostats

温度调节器

Widespread use of comfort heating systems of various types in the latter 19th century provided the impetus to develop effective means to control the systems according to demand. There were sporadic attempts prior to this, but most centered on a direct control of the fire draft.

在19世纪后期，各种舒适供暖系统的广泛使用为根据需求开发有效的控制系统手段提供了动力。在此之前有零星的尝试，但大多数集中在直接控制火灾气流。

These schemes were often complicated to adjust, if they could be adjusted at all. They were inconvenient, since one had to go to where the heating unit was located. Most heating systems simply relied upon the building engineer or homeowner to manually adjust firing rates, draft, valves, or dampers.

这些计划如果能够调整的话，往往很难调整。他们很不方便，因为一个人必须去供暖装置所在的地方。大多数供暖系统仅仅依靠建筑工程师或房主手动调整燃烧速率、通风、阀门或阻尼器。

Modern thermostat control suddenly appeared from several inventors, all about the same time. Andrew Ure in England invented the bimetal thermostat. He received a British patent in 1830, but his device saw little use. In the U.S., the rapid development and use of central heating spurred several individuals to invent thermostatic control methods in the late 1800s.

现代恒温器控制突然出现在几个发明家的手中，几乎是在同一时间。英国的安德鲁·尤尔发明了双金属恒温器。他在1830年获得了英国专利，但他的装置很少被使用。在美国，中央供暖的快速发展和使用促使一些人在19世纪后期发明了恒温控制方法。

Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school in Wisconsin, where the only means of room temperature control was to tell the janitor to go to the basement and adjust steam valves. Johnson developed an electric annunciator system in 1873 that was used to signal the janitor when heat needed adjusting. He continued experimenting and in 1885, patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to operate steam valves. He then established the Johnson Electric Service Co. to manufacture and install his system. Johnson went on to invent the humidostat for control of the humidity in buildings in 1905.

沃伦·约翰逊(Warren Johnson)教授在威斯康辛州的一所学校任教，在那里，控制室温的唯一方法就是让看门人去地下室调节蒸汽阀。约翰逊在1873年开发了一种电子报警器系统，当需要调节热量时，它可以向看门人发出信号。他继续实验，并于1885年获得了依靠压缩空气操作蒸汽阀的恒温器的专利。然后，他成立了约翰逊电气服务公司来制造和安装他的系统。约翰逊在1905年发明了用于控制建筑物湿度的恒温器。

The firm continues today as Johnson Controls.

公司沿用至今，名为江森自控。

Albert Butz, partner in the Mendenhall Hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher Co. (hand grenade fire extinguishers were thin glass containers of carbon tetrachloride, designed to burst when thrown into a fire — the carbon tet acted like today’s halons in smothering the fire) patented a thermostat-controlled draft damper in 1886. Butz’s thermostat was electric, using battery voltage to activate a spring-loaded motor that operated the draft damper in the boiler or furnace.

门登霍尔手榴弹灭火器公司的合伙人阿尔伯特·巴兹(Albert Butz)在1886年申请了恒温器控制的通风阻尼器的专利。(手榴弹灭火器是装有四氯化碳的薄玻璃容器，被设计成在被扔进火中时爆炸——碳tet的作用就像今天的哈龙一样窒息火焰)。巴兹的恒温器是电动的，利用电池电压激活一个弹簧马达，驱动锅炉或熔炉中的通风阻尼器。

The Butz Thermoelectric Regulator Company of Minne-apolis, MN, began manufacturing and selling the invention; however, the product did not sell well to homeowners. The company went through several name changes, ultimately ending up as the Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. After WW I, the company emphasized oil burner controls and in 1927 merged with the Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. to form the Minneapolis-Honeywell Reg-ulator Co., known today as Honeywell Inc.

明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市的Butz热电调节器公司开始制造和销售这项发明;然而，该产品在房主中卖得并不好。该公司经历了几次名称变更，最终以明尼阿波利斯热调节器有限公司结束。第一次世界大战后，该公司强调油燃烧器控制，并于1927年与霍尼韦尔加热专业公司合并，形成明尼阿波利斯-霍尼韦尔调节器有限公司，即今天的霍尼韦尔公司。

About 1887, William Powers was daydreaming during a dull Sunday sermon when the idea occurred to him that vapor pressure could be used to manipulate a draft damper in a furnace. He formed the Powers Regulator Co. in 1890 in Chicago, IL, to experiment and develop thermostatic controls. (Ironically, the first installation was in a church, where a thermostat was used to control mixing dampers in a plenum heating system.)

大约在1887年，威廉·鲍尔斯(William Powers)在一次沉闷的周日布道中做着白日梦，突然想到蒸汽压力可以用来操纵炉子里的通风阻尼器。他于1890年在伊利诺伊州芝加哥成立了电力调节器公司，以实验和开发恒温控制。(具有讽刺意味的是，第一次安装是在一座教堂，那里的一个恒温器被用来控制室内加热系统中的混合阻尼器。)

The first Powers thermostats were about 15-in. dia and made of solid brass with ornate detail. Powers concentrated his efforts on large heating systems, and his system was used in many notable buildings, including the Chrysler and Empire State buildings.

第一批鲍尔斯恒温器大约15英寸。直径和实心黄铜与华丽的细节。鲍尔斯把精力集中在大型供暖系统上，他的系统被用于许多著名的建筑，包括克莱斯勒大厦和帝国大厦。

The Powers line of automatic control is now part of Siemens Building Technologies.

自动控制的power线现在是西门子建筑技术公司的一部分。

Automatic Heating

自动化采暖系统

Before WW I, most homeowners had hand-fired coal furnaces. They had to descend into a basement and contend with coal shoveling, ash clearance, and a method of temperature control that was no more than “by guess or by gosh.”

在第一次世界大战之前，大多数房主都有手工烧煤炉。他们不得不下到地下室，与铲煤、清除灰和一种“靠猜或靠天”的温度控制方法作斗争。

Although thermostat-controlled draft regulators had been available for several decades, they were little used in homes.

尽管温控器控制的通风调节器已经出现了几十年，但它们在家庭中很少使用。

Automatic firing of heating equipment was hampered by lack of widespread availability of electric power and reliable electric motors. Once the motors were available, inventors had to figure out how to apply them to the firing of heating systems. They also had to develop controls that would permit thermostats to directly control the equipment.

由于缺乏广泛的电力供应和可靠的电动机，加热设备的自动点火受到阻碍。一旦有了发动机，发明家们就必须弄清楚如何将它们应用于加热系统的点火。他们还必须开发控制装置，使恒温器能够直接控制设备。

These efforts began after 1900, accelerating through the next two decades. During WW I, a coal shortage and a government initiative to conserve energy gave a push to automatic system development.

这些努力始于1900年之后，在接下来的20年里加速进行。在第一次世界大战期间，煤炭短缺和政府节约能源的倡议推动了自动化系统的发展。

Homeowners were used to banking coal fires at night, waking up early to stoke the fire with fresh coal, then waiting for bulky heating systems to respond. Guesswork and experience dictated how much coal to use, but this was obviously wasteful. The first electric coal stoker that could be controlled by thermostat was placed on the market in 1912, and by the 1920s, automatic coal systems were available from many manufacturers.

房主们习惯于在晚上把煤火存起来，早早起床往火里添煤，然后等待庞大的供暖系统做出反应。猜测和经验决定了要用多少煤，但这显然是浪费。1912年，第一台可以由恒温器控制的电动加煤机投放市场，到20世纪20年代，许多制造商都提供了自动加煤系统。

Night setback thermostats saw renewed interest. One using a wind-up clock had been brought out by Jewell Thermostat Co. in 1905. Sales of these devices surged during the war.

夜间挫折恒温器重新引起了人们的兴趣。1905年，朱维尔温控器公司(Jewell Thermostat Co.)推出了一款使用发条时钟的温控器。这些设备的销量在战争期间激增。

“Coal-less Mondays” were introduced in 1917, stimulating the use of oil and gas. Milton Fessler invented a residential oil burner in California between 1905 and 1908. Before the war, there were several manufacturers of domestic oil burners; Underwriters Laborator-ies certified an oil burner in 1912.

1917年推出的“无煤星期一”刺激了石油和天然气的使用。米尔顿·费斯勒(Milton Fessler)于1905年至1908年间在加州发明了一种家用燃油燃烧器。战前，国内有几家燃油燃烧器制造商;保险商实验室于1912年认证了一种燃油燃烧器。

The first oil burner with high-voltage electric ignition, called the “Electrol,” was introduced in 1918. By the mid-20s, the market for domestic oil burners skyrocketed. In 1924, the first controls designed exclusively for oil burners were marketed by Honeywell.

第一个高压电点火的油燃烧器，被称为“Electrol”，于1918年推出。到20年代中期，家用燃油燃烧器市场暴涨。1924年，第一个专门为燃油燃烧器设计的控制装置由霍尼韦尔上市。

Gas heating advanced as well. Frederic Albert Winslow was ridiculed in London in 1805 when he proposed that gas could be used for heating as well as lighting, and it was not until about 1840 that gas heating was attempted in the U.S. Sporadic attempts were made, especially in the western states, but there was no real incentive to push the use of gas until the gas utility companies saw their revenues decline as electric lighting advanced after 1880.

燃气供暖也有了进步。1805年，弗雷德里克·阿尔伯特·温斯洛(Frederic Albert Winslow)在伦敦提出天然气既可以用来取暖，也可以用来照明时，他遭到了嘲笑。直到1840年左右，美国才开始尝试使用天然气供暖。人们偶尔尝试过，尤其是在西部各州，但一直没有真正的动力去推动天然气的使用，直到1880年后，随着电力照明的发展，天然气公用事业公司的收入下降。

Casting about for a way to increase gas use, they began to investigate the use of gas for heating. Ohio Gas Light Co. in 1891 installed gas heating systems in 50 homes as an experiment. After 1900, some furnace and boiler manufacturers added gas-fired equipment to their lines, but gas equipment didn’t really take off until the war. By that time electric gas valves had been developed, so the heating system could be readily controlled by thermostat. The need for uniform testing resulted in the establishment of the A.G.A. Testing Laboratory in Cleveland, OH, by the American Gas Assoc-iation in 1925.

为了寻找增加燃气使用量的方法，他们开始研究用燃气取暖。1891年，俄亥俄煤气灯公司在50个家庭中安装了燃气供暖系统作为实验。1900年后，一些炉子和锅炉制造商在他们的生产线上增加了燃气设备，但燃气设备直到战争才真正起飞。到那时，电动气阀已经研制出来，所以加热系统可以很容易地由恒温器控制。由于需要统一的测试，美国天然气协会于1925年在俄亥俄州克利夫兰建立了A.G.A.测试实验室。

Use of natural gas was limited at first because of condensation problems in flues. The phenomenon was reported in trade literature as early as 1901, and condensation was apparently common enough that after a number of gas installations were placed in Buffalo, NY, it was reported that “almost every person has an iron pipe put into his chimney to carry off the water.” By the 1920s, the design application of gas-fired equipment was better understood.

由于烟道的冷凝问题，天然气的使用最初受到限制。这一现象早在1901年的贸易文献中就有报道，冷凝显然是很普遍的，在纽约州布法罗安装了一些天然气装置后，据报道，“几乎每个人的烟囱里都有一根铁管来排出水。”到了20世纪20年代，人们对燃气设备的设计应用有了更好的了解。

Modern Heating For A Modern World

现代社会的采暖系统

By the mid-1920s, heating could be said to have advanced to a pure form of democracy: Everyone could participate. Heating devices and systems had become relatively inexpensive and almost completely reliable. Their efficiency had been improved.

到20世纪20年代中期，供暖可以说已经发展到一种纯粹的民主形式:每个人都可以参与。加热装置和系统变得相对便宜，而且几乎完全可靠。他们的效率提高了。

One could avoid the basement for weeks at a time and safe, effective heat was only as far away as the nearest thermostat. The state of heating would advance at an even more astounding pace, such that our predecessors would stare in wonder at what has been accomplished.

一个人可以连续几周避开地下室，而安全、有效的供暖距离最近的恒温器只有几步之遥。加热状态将以更加惊人的速度发展，以致于我们的前人会惊奇地注视着我们所取得的成就。

By 1926, the date The Electric Refrigeration News began publishing, heating had advanced from the campfire to something so silent, automatic, and reliable that we simply take it for granted — we just “turn on the heat.” Our industry has succeeded in transforming heating apparatus into Walter Bernan’s “machines of society.”

到1926年，也就是《电子制冷新闻》开始出版的那一天，加热已经从营火发展到一种无声、自动、可靠的方式，我们只是把它视为理所当然——我们只是“打开暖气”。我们的工业已经成功地把加热设备变成了沃尔特·伯南所说的“社会机器”。

We who design, manufacture, market, install, and service heating systems inherit a legacy that serves one of the most important necessities of society. This review of our proud past can only inspire us to keep up the good work!

我们设计、制造、销售、安装和服务供暖系统，继承了服务于社会最重要必需品之一的传统。回顾我们骄傲的过去，只能激励我们继续努力!

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前言

在环境能源和可持续发展的大环境下，想要从根本上减低能耗，先要想办法节省能耗，我们简单的排了下顺序，耗电大户：空调、电梯、照明、其他即插即用设备必须得动力电。

所以，想要从根本上解决空调的能耗问题，先要大致了解下他的发展简史，然后从供需关系中找到一些突破口。

An Early History Of Comfort Heating

关于采暖系统的早期简史

“Though much has been done by ingenious men in the art of distributing heat for household uses; it must be confessed, that in one or two instances only have they been able to make a permanent impression or bring their contrivances into that general use as to constitute them ‘machines of society.’”

“尽管天才们在为家庭分配热量的艺术上做了很多工作;必须承认，只有在一两个例子中，他们能够给人留下永久的印象，或者使他们的发明得到普遍使用，从而使他们成为‘社会的机器’。”

This quotation, from Walter Bernan’s history of heating (published in 1845), sums up the challenge our ancestors faced. Our forebears vigorously attacked this need for heating systems that would make “a permanent impression.” It is safe to say that a continuously working team of engineers, manufacturers, merchants, contractors, and service personnel has succeeded in making heating so reliable that we don’t give it a second thought.

这句话出自沃尔特·伯南的《供暖史》(出版于1845年)，总结了我们祖先所面临的挑战。我们的祖先强烈反对这种对供热系统的需求，因为它会给人留下“永久的印象”。可以肯定地说，一个由工程师、制造商、商人、承包商和服务人员组成的持续不断的工作团队已经成功地使供暖变得如此可靠，以至于我们不再考虑它。

The story of their early work follows. This is by no means a comprehensive history — which would take at least one book, if not an encyclopedia. This article will merely highlight some important milestones and provide information not otherwise readily available. For those who wish to dig deeper, your time and your pocketbook are the only limits.

下面是他们早期工作的故事。这绝不是一部全面的历史——如果不是百科全书的话，至少需要一本书。本文将仅强调一些重要的里程碑，并提供其他方面不易获得的信息。对于那些想要深入挖掘的人来说，你的时间和钱包是唯一的限制。

We who are associated with hvacr don’t often pause to consider the antiquity of our craft. As much as 1.5 million years ago, early humans began using campfires. The hows and whys can only be speculated upon, but we do know from archeological evidence that Homo erectus and Austra-lopithecus used fire at that time as a practical tool. At some point the campfire was brought inside caves and huts. The oldest arrangement was a central fire and a central roof opening for smoke to escape.

我们这些与hvacr有关的人并不经常停下来考虑我们的手艺的古老。早在150万年前，早期人类就开始使用营火。如何和为什么只能推测，但我们从考古证据中知道，直立人和南方猿人在那个时候使用火作为实用工具。在某些时候，营火被带入洞穴和小屋。最古老的布置是一个中央火炉和一个中央屋顶，以便烟雾逸出。

Later the fire was moved to different parts of a dwelling, and various schemes were tried to improve the draft of the fire by using stones. However, even the best open fire is 20% efficient, with most of the heat escaping with the smoke.

后来，火被转移到一个住宅的不同部分，并尝试了各种方案来改善火的通风，使用石头。然而，即使是最好的明火也只有20%的效率，大部分热量会随着烟雾散失。

Ancient Space Heating

古代的空间采暖系统（例如：壁炉、火炉）

Early central heating seems to have developed along several lines that included hearths and fireplaces, stoves, and underfloor systems. Fixed central hearths date as far back as 2500 B.C. They were excavated in Greece.

早期的中央供暖系统似乎沿着几个方向发展，包括壁炉、壁炉、火炉和地板下系统。固定的中央壁炉可以追溯到公元前2500年，它们是在希腊出土的。

Crude fireplace heating was used as early as the 800s A.D., and was widespread in Europe by the 13th century. Castles built at that time had fireplaces that had a short flue to the outside, a crude form of chimney. All of the early fireplaces were constructed entirely of stone, but casting technology improvements led to the introduction of cast iron firebacks designed to protect the stone from direct fire heat.

早在公元8世纪，人们就开始使用原始的壁炉取暖，并在13世纪在欧洲广泛使用。当时建造的城堡有壁炉，壁炉外面有一个短烟道，一种原始的烟囱形式。所有早期的壁炉都是完全用石头建造的，但铸造技术的改进导致了铸铁壁炉的引入，旨在保护石头免受直接的火热。

Louis Savot of France invented the raised grate and designed a circulating fireplace in the early 1600s. Savot used a hollow iron bottom and back in the hearth, through which cold room air entered at the bottom, was warmed, and entered the room through openings above the mantle.

17世纪初，法国的路易斯·萨沃(Louis Savot)发明了凸起的壁炉，并设计了循环壁炉。萨沃使用了一个中空的铁底和炉膛，房间里的冷空气从底部进入，被加热，并通过斗篷上方的开口进入房间。

In England, another improvement was to provide combustion air through a duct from the outside. A French priest (actually a Cardinal) wrote the first comprehensive manual on fireplace design, Mechanique du Feu, in 1713. The science of fireplace construction reached its zenith with Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who published Chimney Fireplaces in 1796.

在英国，另一项改进是从外部通过管道提供燃烧空气。1713年，一位法国牧师(实际上是一位枢机主教)撰写了第一本关于壁炉设计的综合手册《mecique du Feu》。随着本杰明·汤普森(Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford)在1796年出版了《烟囱壁炉》(Chimney Fireplaces)，建造壁炉的科学达到了顶峰。

Like fireplaces, stoves also first appeared in the 800s as crude devices made from clay bricks. Masonry stoves became common in northern Europe by the 1500s. The stoves, called Russian or Swedish stoves, were very large. Later versions were very ornate, with tile coverings.

和壁炉一样，火炉最早出现在19世纪，是由粘土砖制成的简陋设备。16世纪时，砖石炉在北欧变得普遍起来。这些炉子被称为俄罗斯或瑞典炉子，非常大。后来的版本非常华丽，用瓷砖覆盖。

The earliest metal stoves, appearing after 1400, were made of cast iron hearth firebacks connected together. Later, cast iron sections were designed specifically for stove construction, and Holland and Germany became leading centers for iron stove manufacturing.

最早的金属火炉出现在1400年之后，是由铸铁炉膛连接在一起制成的。后来，铸铁部分被专门设计用于炉子的建造，荷兰和德国成为铁炉子制造的主要中心。

Ancient Radiant Heating

古罗马热辐射采暖

Underfloor heating systems, the original radiant panel systems, seem to have first appeared in the Middle East. King Arzawa installed such a system in his palace at Beycesutan, Turkey, about 1300 B.C.

地暖系统，即最初的辐射板系统，似乎最早出现在中东。大约公元前1300年，阿尔扎瓦国王在他位于土耳其贝西苏坦的宫殿里安装了这样一个系统

The Romans brought the technology to high art, beginning about 80 B.C. with systems designed by Sergius Orata. At first the Roman systems heated only the floor, but later systems used heated walls as well, and some were designed as early warm-air heating systems, introducing heated air through floor openings.

罗马人将这项技术带入了高级艺术，大约从公元前80年开始，由塞尔吉乌斯·奥拉塔设计了系统。起初，罗马的供暖系统只加热地板，但后来的系统也使用了加热墙，有些系统被设计成早期的暖空气供暖系统，通过地板开口引入加热空气。

The first systems supported the stone floor on pillars over a chamber with a fire at one end. Combustion gases passed under the floor to the other side. The hollow space below the floor was called the hypocaust, and this name was applied to all the variations of Roman heating systems where an underfloor chamber was used.

第一个系统用柱子支撑石头地板，在一个房间的一端有火。燃烧气体从地板下面传到另一边。地板下面的中空空间被称为地下地下室，这个名字适用于所有使用地下房间的罗马供暖系统。

Later systems used tile flues or hollow tile walls to conduct heated combustion products to eave vents. The fire was moved outside in a separate furnace chamber. Still later, the hypocaust chamber was eliminated and replaced by floor ducts leading from the furnace to the wall flues.

后来的系统使用瓷砖烟道或空心瓷砖墙来将加热的燃烧产物传导到屋檐通风口。火被转移到一个单独的炉室里。再后来，次热室被取消，取而代之的是从炉子到墙壁烟道的地板管道。

Roman hypocaust heating systems were used to heat upper-class Roman houses throughout the empire, but are most noted for use as heating systems for public baths. Between 10 B.C. and 324 A.D., at least 17 major public baths were constructed using hypocaust systems.

罗马地下热水供暖系统被用来为整个帝国的上层罗马房屋供暖，但最著名的是用作公共浴室的供暖系统。在公元前10年至公元324年间，至少有17个主要的公共浴场使用了地下热水系统。

A test conducted at the well-preserved Constantinian Baths constructed about 300 in Trier showed that these systems were very efficient. The hypocaust for the audience hall of the bath operated with a floor temperature of 77? to 95?F and wall temperatures of 66? to 90?, consuming 300 lbs/hr of wood at about 90% efficiency. The system, of course, was not automatic and not easily controlled. It took two days to preheat.

在特里尔建造于公元300年、保存完好的君士坦丁浴场进行的一项测试表明，这些系统非常有效。澡堂观众厅的冷却系统在地板温度为77度的情况下运行。到95年?华氏度和壁温66?到90年?，以90%的效率消耗300磅/小时的木材。当然，这个系统不是自动的，也不容易控制。预热花了两天时间。

The art and science of hypocaust systems was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire. Western heating science advanced very little in the period of the Dark Ages.

在罗马帝国灭亡后，低温系统的艺术和科学就消失了。在黑暗的中世纪时代，西方供暖科学几乎没有进步。

Modern Beginnings: Chimneys And Stoves

现代起源:烟囱和炉子

The next important advance in heating was the invention of the chimney. The origins of the chimney flue probably lie with the Normans, who used sidewall flue openings in place of the previously used central roof vents. Many sidewall flues were constructed at an oblique angle upward, thus beginning a transition to vertical chimney construction.

供热方面的下一个重要进展是烟囱的发明。烟囱烟道的起源可能与诺曼人有关，他们使用侧壁烟道开口来代替以前使用的中央屋顶通风口。许多侧壁烟道以倾斜角度向上建造，从而开始向垂直烟囱结构过渡。

After the 14th century, chimneys appear in written literature. However, their use seems to have spread very slowly. Chimneys were still rare enough 200 years later that one English architect, upon encountering functioning chimneys at Bolton Castle, exclaimed: “I muche notyd in the hawle of Bolton, how chimneys were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of the walls… and by this means … is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle strangely conveyed.”

14世纪以后，烟囱出现在书面文学中。然而，它们的使用似乎传播得非常缓慢。200年后，烟囱仍然很少见，以至于一位英国建筑师在博尔顿城堡(Bolton Castle)遇到功能正常的烟囱时，惊叹道:“我在博尔顿城堡(Bolton Castle)发现，烟囱是如何通过墙头上的隧道输送的……通过这种方式……烟囱里的烟被奇怪地输送出去了。”

Early chimneys were very large, so as to allow a chimney sweep to climb into them. But the size precipitated such vicious drafts that room divider screens sometimes had to be used to shield the occupants.

早期的烟囱非常大，这样扫烟囱的人就可以爬进去。但它的尺寸引发了如此恶劣的气流，以至于有时不得不使用房间分隔屏来保护居住者。

Stove heating soon advanced beyond the crude devices first used. The first freestanding warm-air stove was probably the “Furnus Acapnos” or “smokeless stove” invented by Dalesme in France in the late 1600s. Dalesme introduced fresh fuel in the same opening as combustion air, directing all combustion products over already-burning fuel, a design that ensured complete combustion.

炉子加热很快就超越了最初使用的简陋设备。第一个独立的暖风炉可能是“Furnus Acapnos”或“无烟炉”，由法国的Dalesme在17世纪末发明。Dalesme将新鲜燃料引入与燃烧空气相同的开口，将所有燃烧产物引导到已经燃烧的燃料上，这种设计确保了完全燃烧。

Although the smokeless stove was a great advance, it and other heating innovations were accepted slowly, for “…few housekeepers are philosophers enough to be willing to undertake the management of a machine requiring especial mental effort, where the advantages are not directly visible to the senses.”

尽管无烟炉子是一个巨大的进步，但它和其他取暖方面的创新被接受得很慢，因为“很少有管家是哲学家，愿意承担管理一种需要特别脑力劳动的机器，在这种机器的好处不是直接可见的感官。”

The earliest stove in North America was probably a cast iron box stove invented by Dr. John Clarke of the Massachusetts Bay Colony about 1652. This type of stove had originated in Holland and was imported into England after 1600. By the mid-1700s, cast iron box stoves were being manufactured by a number of eastern Colonial American foundries.

北美最早的炉子可能是1652年马萨诸塞湾殖民地的约翰·克拉克博士发明的铸铁箱炉。这种炉子起源于荷兰，1600年后传入英国。到18世纪中期，美国东部殖民地的一些铸造厂开始生产铸铁箱式炉灶。

Stoves continued evolving throughout the 1800s. Notable improvements included the base burner stove invented by Eliphalet Knott in 1833, and the airtight stove invented by Isaac Orr in 1836.

炉灶在整个19世纪不断发展。值得注意的改进包括1833年由Eliphalet Knott发明的基础燃烧器炉，以及1836年由Isaac Orr发明的气密炉。

A stove with thermostatic draft control was invented by F.P. Oliver in 1849.

1849年，F.P.奥利弗发明了恒温通风控制炉。

By the time of the Civil War, cast iron stove manufacturing was a large and well-established industry, particularly in the northeastern U.S. By 1900, thousands of different designs (many approaching pieces of art in their appearance) were produced by dozens of manufacturers.

到南北战争时期，铸铁炉制造已经是一个庞大而成熟的行业，特别是在美国东北部。到1900年，几十家制造商生产了数千种不同的设计(许多外观上接近艺术品)。

Heating With Warm Air

空气采暖系统

Warm-air heating as we know it may date to around the year 200, when Emperor Heliogabalus is said to have had a palace warmed by air. A stove was placed in a brick chamber under the rooms. Outside air was ducted into the chamber under the stove, the heated air then flowing  through openings into the rooms above.

据我们所知，暖风取暖可以追溯到公元200年左右，据说当时的皇帝赫利奥加巴卢斯(Heliogabalus)有一座用空气取暖的宫殿。在房间下面的砖房里放了一个炉子。外面的空气通过管道进入炉子下面的房间，然后加热的空气通过开口流入上面的房间。

The first good records of a warm-air system date to the 1200s. These records indicate that the city hall in Luneberg, Germany had a central warm-air system using three furnaces. The heating chamber connected to the rooms above with round ducts that opened under seats. Temperature was individually regulated with iron covers over the duct openings. A similar system was constructed about the same time at Marburg Castle in Germany.

最早关于暖空气系统的记录可以追溯到12世纪。这些记录表明，德国吕内堡的市政厅有一个使用三个炉子的中央暖风系统。加热室通过座椅下方的圆形管道与上面的房间相连。温度是单独调节的，在管道开口上有铁罩。大约在同一时间，德国的马尔堡城堡也建造了类似的系统。

The Industrial Revolution provided the catalyst for more advanced warm-air systems. In England about 1805, William Strutt invented a warm-air furnace that consisted of a riveted, wrought iron air chamber encased in brick. A couple inches of space between the brick and the iron allowed air to circulate. A large space outside the brick was split horizontally into two sections, the lower one for cool air and the upper one for heated air. A multitude of 2-sq-in. openings penetrated the brick casing. Cool air moved from the lower chamber through the openings, was heated by the iron furnace, and moved out through the upper openings into the heated air chamber.

工业革命为更先进的暖空气系统提供了催化剂。大约在1805年的英国，威廉·斯特拉特发明了一种暖气炉，它由一个铆接的锻铁空气室组成，空气室包裹在砖里。砖和铁之间有几英寸的空隙，让空气流通。砖外的一个大空间被水平分成两部分，下层用于冷却空气，上层用于加热空气。许多2平方英尺。洞口穿透了砖的外壳。冷空气从下腔通过开口，被铁炉加热，并从上腔进入加热空气腔。

Ducts fed the heated air into rooms, and the room openings were fitted with dampers “to regulate the admission of warm air at pleasure.” Strutt’s hot air furnaces were referred to as “cockle,” “Belper,” or “Derby” stoves.

管道将热空气送入房间，房间开口安装了阻尼器，“以调节热空气的进入。”斯特拉特的热风炉被称为“cockle”、“Belper”或“Derby”炉。

At about the same time, firetube hot air furnaces were invented in France. These “caloriferes” were constructed with a number of iron pipes placed at a slight pitch through the brick faces of a fire chamber. The cool air entered at one face, was heated in the pipes exposed directly to the fire, and exited at the other face.

大约在同一时间，法国发明了火管热风炉。这些“燃烧室”是由一些铁管组成的，这些铁管以轻微的间距穿过燃烧室的砖面。冷空气从一侧进入，在直接暴露在火上的管道中加热，然后从另一侧排出。

Technically, the cockle and calorifere furnaces were important advances, but their constructors knew very little more about the true principles of hot air heating than did their ancient predecessors.

从技术上讲，加热量炉是重要的进步，但它们的建造者对热空气加热的真正原理所知甚少。

A more scientific approach emerged when Professor Dr. Paul Meissner of the Vienna Polytechnical Institute, Vienna, Austria, published a book on heating with hot air in 1821, wherein he explained the laws of warm-air heating. He was the first to recognize that provisions must be made to draw off cool air as warm air is admitted to a room; that this cool air could be returned to the furnace for reheating; and he even proposed the use of mixing dampers.

1821年，奥地利维也纳理工学院的保罗·迈斯纳(Paul Meissner)教授出版了一本关于热空气加热的书，其中解释了暖空气加热的规律，一种更科学的方法出现了。他是第一个认识到当热空气进入房间时，必须采取措施抽走冷空气的人;冷却的空气可以回到炉中重新加热;他甚至建议使用混合阻尼器。

Meissner was vociferously attacked by stove makers of the time. He replied with words that ring true today: “As an invention enters more deeply into our daily life and has greater value for the general welfare, and the more simple the principles upon which it is based, so much greater in proportion is the opposition to it, for at the very beginning it is bound to cross certain private interests of such parties as are living by their wits, and insults the pride and selfishness of others that are non-producers, both of whom are consumed by jealousy and short sightedness, because something useful has developed in the brain of a third party. Both the opposition parties, though they hate each other, will combine to cry down the invention and crush the inventor.”

迈斯纳遭到了当时炉子制造商的猛烈抨击。他的回答在今天听起来很真实:”作为一项发明进入更深入我们的日常生活和公共福利的更大的价值,和更简单的原则,因此更大比例的反对派,在刚开始的时候它被绑定到十字架某些私人利益等各方的生活智慧,和侮辱他人的傲慢和自私non-producers,两人都被嫉妒和近视,因为第三方的大脑中产生了一些有用的东西。两个反对党虽然彼此憎恨，但他们会联合起来反对这项发明，粉碎发明者。”

Meissner believed that not only would they beat a path to your door if you invented a better mousetrap, they would also knock your door in and proceed to beat you up!

迈斯纳认为，如果你发明了一个更好的捕鼠器，它们不仅会敲开你的门，还会继续揍你!

Despite the contemporary opposition, Professor Meissner was right, and his principles underlie all modern warm-air heating systems.

尽管当时有人反对，迈斯纳教授是对的，他的原理是所有现代暖风供暖系统的基础。

In the United States, Oliver Evans published The Young Millwright And Miller’s Guide in 1795, in which he illustrated a central hot-air system with ducts leading to individual rooms.

在美国，奥利弗·埃文斯(Oliver Evans)于1795年出版了《年轻的米勒和米勒指南》(the Young Millwright And Miller’s Guide)，在书中他描绘了一个中央热空气系统，该系统有通往各个房间的管道。

Other hot-air systems were introduced in the United States before 1820 for use in larger institutional buildings. The first U.S. building to be centrally heated was probably the Massachusetts Medical College in 1816. The system used a gravity hot-air system with a basement furnace and ductwork to the rooms.

其他热空气系统在1820年之前被引入美国，用于大型机构建筑。美国第一座集中供暖的建筑可能是1816年的马萨诸塞州医学院。该系统使用重力热风系统，带有地下室炉和通往房间的管道系统。

A central heating furnace, of the gravity type later commonly seen, was said to have been invented in 1835 in Worcester, MA. Early furnaces were locally produced for the specific job — there was no furnace industry per se. The first U.S. furnace manufacturer was the Richardson & Boynton Co., which began mass marketing furnaces about 1837. The company survived until 1942.

据说1835年在马萨诸塞州伍斯特发明了一种后来常见的重力式中央加热炉。早期的熔炉是为特定的工作在当地生产的——没有熔炉工业本身。美国第一家电炉制造商是理查德森&博因顿公司，大约在1837年开始大规模销售电炉。这家公司一直存活到1942年。

There were several manufacturers by the time of the Civil War, but the golden age for warm-air furnaces was after that war. From 1866 to 1900, many dozens of firms entered the furnace business. Furnaces were considered to be safe and easy to operate, ensuring their early popularity over steam heating systems, which required skilled operation lest they would explode!

到内战时，已经有几家制造商，但暖风炉的黄金时代是在那场战争之后。从1866年到1900年，许多公司进入熔炉行业。熔炉被认为是安全且易于操作的，确保了它们早期比蒸汽加热系统更受欢迎，蒸汽加热系统需要熟练的操作，以免爆炸!

Early furnaces were rated by fire pot size and/or by the volume of building air they would heat. There was no standard for rating, and identical furnaces sported different ratings by different manufacturers. Outlandish claims were made, and by 1900 many manufacturers had gone out of business or merged due to a raging price war. The price war had resulted in wilder claims for the cheapened products, and by the turn of the century, warm-air heating had gotten a bad reputation as a “don’t give a hoot” industry.

早期的炉子是根据炉膛大小和/或它们所加热的建筑空气的体积来评定的。当时没有评级标准，相同的炉子在不同的制造商那里有不同的评级。到1900年，由于激烈的价格战，许多制造商已经破产或被合并。价格战导致了对廉价产品的更疯狂的要求，到世纪之交，暖风供暖已经得到了一个“不在乎”行业的坏名声。

Hot water heating was making inroads into what had been a seemingly secure market. Frightened manufacturers formed the Federal Furnace League in 1905, to “elevate warm-air heating to the position it rightfully deserved.” For the first time, an attempt was made to standardize ratings among manufacturers. These efforts culminated in the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association in 1914. Test and research programs were conducted at the University of Illinois. The association later produced a series of manuals for proper sizing and installation of warm-air heating systems.

热水供暖正在进入这个看似安全的市场。受到惊吓的制造商在1905年成立了联邦熔炉联盟，以“将暖风加热提升到应有的地位”。这是第一次尝试对制造商之间的评级进行标准化。这些努力最终在1914年成立了全国暖风供暖和通风协会。测试和研究项目在伊利诺伊大学进行。该协会后来制作了一系列关于暖风供暖系统的适当尺寸和安装的手册。

Warm-air systems relied upon the temperature/density relationship to induce circulation, but the idea of using an electric fan to boost circulation surfaced shortly after table fans became widely available in the 1880s. One installation was reported in a house in the late 1800s where a fan was combined with a homemade gas furnace in Mannington, WV. It seems that a school board member wanted to duplicate the large fan system at his school, so he downsized the idea for his home.

暖风系统依靠温度/密度关系来诱导循环，但在19世纪80年代台式风扇广泛使用后不久，使用电风扇促进循环的想法浮出水面。据报道，19世纪末在西弗吉尼亚州曼宁顿的一所房子里安装了一个风扇和一个自制的煤气炉。似乎是一个学校董事会成员想在他的学校复制大风扇系统，所以他缩小了他的家的想法。

General Electric advertised such a booster fan designed specifically for furnace application in 1910. A paper was presented to the American Society of Ventilating Engineers in 1896 discussing the use of blowers with furnaces. Emerson Electric marketed a disc fan blower to be added to the return side of the furnace in 1908. Blowers or disc fans were periodically applied to residential furnaces into the 20s, after which manufacturers began to take a hard look at equipping furnaces with fans as a package. However, package blower-furnace units were not widely available until the 1930s.

通用电气在1910年宣传了一种专门为熔炉应用而设计的增压风扇。1896年，一篇论文被提交给美国通风工程师协会，讨论了鼓风机与炉子的使用。1908年，艾默生电气公司在市场上销售了一种圆盘式风机鼓风机，该鼓风机被添加到炉子的返回侧。20世纪20年代，鼓风机或圆盘风扇定期应用于住宅炉，此后制造商开始认真考虑将风扇作为一个包装装备炉子。然而，直到20世纪30年代，包装鼓风机机组才广泛使用。

Steam Heating

蒸汽供暖系统

William Cook was apparently the first to propose steam heating in 1745 in England. By the 1790s, steam engine pioneers Matthew Boulton and James Watt had installed steam heating in their residences. Watt tried a crude radiator made of soldered copper sheeting.

威廉·库克显然是1745年英国第一个提出蒸汽加热的人。到18世纪90年代，蒸汽机的先驱马修·博尔顿和詹姆斯·瓦特在他们的住宅里安装了蒸汽供暖系统。瓦特尝试了一个用铜片焊接而成的粗糙散热器。

At first steam heating progressed only in England, being used to heat mills and factories. In fact, the first manual on steam heating was titled An Essay on the Warming of Mills and Other Buildings by Steam, published in Glasgow, Scotland by civil engineer Robertson Buchanan. The advantage of steam heating, according to Buchanan, is the avoidance of “the excessive expense of insurance, arising from the combustible nature of the materials of cotton manufacture in particular; the great difficulty of retrieving the injury resulting to a well-established business from the accidental destruction of machinery; and the frequent alarms from fire in our powder mills, arsenals, and dock-yards....”

起初，蒸汽加热只在英国发展起来，被用来给磨坊和工厂供暖。事实上，第一本关于蒸汽供暖的手册是由土木工程师罗伯逊·布坎南在苏格兰格拉斯哥出版的《关于蒸汽使磨坊和其他建筑物变暖的论文》。根据布坎南的说法，蒸汽加热的优点是避免了“由于棉花制造材料的可燃性而产生的过度保险费用;由于机器的意外损坏，对一个成熟的企业造成的损害很难恢复;还有我们的粉厂、军火库和船坞经常发出的火警.... "

Buchanan expanded his manual to a full handbook on steam heating in 1810. His Treatise on the Economy of Fuel and the Management of Heat was the first heating engineering book.

1810年，布坎南将他的手册扩充为一本关于蒸汽加热的完整手册。他的《燃料经济与热管理论著》是第一本供热工程书籍。

Europeans seem to have been reluctant to use steam heating, in some cases for political reasons. In Germany, architect Ludwig Catel published a manual on steam heating in 1817, “to help others to avoid spending good money to have steam heating apparatus carried out by the English.” A few installations were made, but steam was generally not accepted in Europe for another decade or more.

欧洲人似乎一直不愿意使用蒸汽供暖，在某些情况下是出于政治原因。在德国，建筑师路德维希·卡特(Ludwig Catel)于1817年出版了一本关于蒸汽加热的手册，“以帮助其他人避免花很多钱让英国人使用蒸汽加热设备。”虽然安装了一些装置，但在接下来的十年或更长的时间里，蒸汽在欧洲普遍不被接受。

There was no such resistance to steam in the U.S. due to the ready import of ideas and equipment from England. A number of steam heating systems were installed after 1810, one of the earliest at a factory in Middletown, CT, in 1811. This system used exhaust steam from a high-pressure steam engine; thus the heating was essentially free. Joseph Nason and James Walworth installed steam systems after 1840 using small-diameter wrought iron pipe. Nason and Walworth installed numerous steam heating systems in large buildings during the next decades, including the White House and the Capitol Building in Washington, DC.

在美国，由于现成的从英国进口的思想和设备，对蒸汽没有这样的抵制。1810年后安装了许多蒸汽加热系统，其中最早的一个是1811年在康涅狄格州米德尔敦的一家工厂安装的。该系统使用高压蒸汽机排出的蒸汽;因此加热基本上是免费的。1840年后，约瑟夫·纳森和詹姆斯·沃尔沃斯使用小直径锻铁管安装了蒸汽系统。在接下来的几十年里，内森和沃尔沃斯在大型建筑中安装了许多蒸汽加热系统，包括白宫和华盛顿特区的国会大厦。

One of the earliest pioneers in residential steam heating systems was Stephen Gold, a Connecticut stove maker who began experimenting with steam in the late 1840s. The steam systems of the time were considered too complicated and unsafe for household use. On the other hand, furnaces and stoves were considered uncomplicated and safe, but many people were uncomfortable in buildings heated by air due to “scorched air” and excessively dry conditions. Gold strove to overcome these issues, and was granted a U.S. patent for “Improvement in warming houses by steam” in 1854.

住宅蒸汽供暖系统最早的先驱之一是康涅狄格州的炉灶制造商斯蒂芬·戈尔德(Stephen Gold)，他在19世纪40年代末开始试验蒸汽。当时的蒸汽系统被认为过于复杂和不安全，不适合家庭使用。另一方面，熔炉和火炉被认为是简单和安全的，但由于“焦热的空气”和过度干燥的条件，许多人在空气加热的建筑物中感到不舒服。戈尔德努力克服这些问题，并于1854年获得了“改善蒸汽取暖房屋”的美国专利。

Gold’s system was unique at the time. Large steam systems used coils or rows of pipe to heat rooms, while Gold used the first radiator, a device consisting of two dimpled iron sheets that were riveted together at the dimples. The edges were rolled over with a piece of cord as a gasket. Gold’s radiator came to be called “the mattress radiator” due to its appearance, and was manufactured for at least 50 years.

Gold的系统在当时是独一无二的。大型蒸汽系统使用盘管或排管来加热房间，而戈尔德使用的是第一个散热器，这个装置由两块有凹痕的铁皮组成，在凹痕处铆接在一起。边缘被一根绳子卷起来作为垫片。戈尔德的散热器因其外观被称为“床垫散热器”，并且制造了至少50年。

Gold’s boiler was made of wrought iron and featured an automatic draft regulator and automatic water valve. The system operated at very low pressure using one pipe to distribute the steam. Gold’s radiators featured inlet valves and manual air vents. The system was manufactured by the Connecticut Steam Heating Company after 1854.

戈尔德的锅炉由熟铁制成，配有自动通风调节器和自动水阀。该系统在非常低的压力下运行，使用一根管道来分配蒸汽。Gold的散热器配备了进气阀和手动通风口。该系统在1854年后由康涅狄格蒸汽加热公司制造。

Steam heating, like warm air, blossomed after the Civil War. A number of manufacturers began making boilers and radiators of various designs. Like stoves of the era, many could be considered works of art. The steam heating systems of the 19th century operated at low pressure, using one or two pipes and a boiler or steam engine exhaust for a steam source.

像暖空气一样，蒸汽供暖在南北战争后蓬勃发展。许多制造商开始制造各种设计的锅炉和散热器。就像那个时代的火炉一样，许多都可以被视为艺术品。19世纪的蒸汽加热系统在低压下运行，使用一根或两根管道和锅炉或蒸汽机排气作为蒸汽源。

As buildings in the U.S. became larger and more intricate, the earlier steam systems proved to have problems with effective distribution of the steam and condensed steam (condensate). These problems were overcome in the 1890s with the development of the vacuum-return steam heating system, perfected by Warren Webster using the patents of DeBeaumont and Williames. The Webster system maintained a vacuum in the condensate return line, thus drawing steam throughout the system no matter the size. Vacuum-return systems soon became the system of choice for larger buildings.

随着美国的建筑变得越来越大，越来越复杂，早期的蒸汽系统被证明在有效分配蒸汽和冷凝蒸汽(冷凝水)方面存在问题。这些问题在19世纪90年代随着真空回流蒸汽加热系统的发展而被克服，沃伦·韦伯斯特利用德博蒙特和威廉姆斯的专利对其进行了完善。韦伯斯特系统在冷凝水回流管道中保持真空，从而使蒸汽无论尺寸如何都能在整个系统中产生。真空回流系统很快成为大型建筑的首选系统。

Many different patented designs of steam heating systems were in use by World War I. However, steam heating never really became popular for home heating due to perceptions about complexity, noise, and fear of explosions. The choice for “wet” heating systems in residences and small commercial buildings fell to hot water, later named “hydronic” systems.

第一次世界大战期间使用了许多不同的蒸汽加热系统专利设计。然而，由于对复杂性，噪音和对爆炸的恐惧，蒸汽加热从未真正在家庭供暖中流行起来。住宅和小型商业建筑的“湿式”供暖系统选择了热水，后来被命名为“循环”系统。

Hydronic Systems

液体或蒸汽供热系统

The earliest recorded use of hot water heating may be that of a monastery in Greenland that used hot spring water to heat the buildings at the end of the 14th century. In England, Sir Hugh Platt proposed using hot water to dry out gunpowder in 1653, and Sir Martin Triewald proposed warming greenhouses with hot water.

最早使用热水取暖的记录可能是14世纪末格陵兰岛的一座修道院，它使用温泉水来加热建筑物。在英国，休·普拉特爵士于1653年提出用热水烘干火药，马丁·特里瓦尔德爵士提出用热水加热温室。

In the late 1700s, M. Bonne-main in France constructed an actual hot water heating system using a boiler. The French idea was refined and introduced into England by the Marquis de Chabannes in 1816. Charles Hood of London wrote the first engineering handbook for hot water heating in 1837, which was subsequently published in revised editions for 50 years.

18世纪末，法国的Bonne-main先生用锅炉建造了一个真正的热水加热系统。1816年，夏巴纳侯爵(Marquis de Chabannes)改良了法国的观念，并将其引入英国。1837年，伦敦的查尔斯·胡德(Charles Hood)撰写了第一本热水加热工程手册，随后出版了50年的修订版。

All of these early hot water systems relied on the thermosiphon principle for circulation and came to be called “gravity” systems. Some attempts were made to accelerate the circulation with crude pumps, but the idea of using a circulator did not see real use until the beginning of the 20th century.

所有这些早期的热水系统都依靠热虹吸原理进行循环，后来被称为“重力”系统。人们曾尝试用原油泵加速循环，但直到20世纪初，使用循环器的想法才真正得到应用。

Early hot water systems used very large pipes because it was thought this was necessary to ensure adequate circulation and heat retention. Angier Perkins recognized the drawbacks of these bulky systems. He designed a high-pressure hot water system using small-diameter, thick-walled wrought iron pipe that he patented in 1831. His system heated the water in pipe coils placed in a furnace, then circulated hot water to coils of pipe or baseboard heaters in the rooms to be heated.

早期的热水系统使用非常大的管道，因为人们认为这是确保足够的循环和保温所必需的。安吉尔·珀金斯意识到了这些庞大系统的缺点。他设计了一种高压热水系统，使用小直径、厚壁锻铁管，并于1831年获得专利。他的系统在炉子里的管盘里加热水，然后将热水循环到待加热房间里的管盘或踢脚板加热器。

Perkins relied on very high temperatures and pressures to force the water to circulate through 1-in. pipes. The pipes were connected with screw joints to withstand the high pressures. Perkins’ systems were designed to operate at a 400? temperature and about 200-psi pressure. They frequently ran hotter than that — as much as 550? and 1,100 psi. After a few fires and explosions, Perkins modified his system by installing a temperature-limiting device, operating the system at a lower pressure and temperature. The Perkins’ system was very popular in England until the 1850s but then died out. The idea of high-temperature hot water systems languished until they were revived in the 1920s.

珀金斯依靠非常高的温度和压力来迫使水在1-in中循环。管道。这些管子用螺丝接头连接以承受高压。珀金斯的系统被设计成运行在400?温度和大约200 psi的压力。它们经常比这个温度高——高达550?1100psi。经过几次火灾和爆炸后，帕金斯通过安装一个温度限制装置来改进他的系统，使系统在较低的压力和温度下运行。珀金斯制度在19世纪50年代之前在英国非常流行，但后来就消失了。高温热水系统的想法一直萎靡不振，直到20世纪20年代才重新兴起。

In the U.S., Robert Briggs began to design and install hot water heating systems after 1840.

在美国，罗伯特·布里格斯在1840年后开始设计和安装热水加热系统。

The aforementioned Joseph Nason and James Walworth introduced the Perkins’ high-pressure hot water heating system into the U.S. in 1842; however, it was little used. Use of hot water systems seems to have been limited until the 1880s, when they suddenly became very popular.

前面提到的约瑟夫·纳森和詹姆斯·沃尔沃斯于1842年将珀金斯的高压热水加热系统引入美国;然而，它很少被使用。热水系统的使用似乎一直很有限，直到19世纪80年代，热水系统突然变得非常流行。

Steam heating for residences, already crippled by competition from furnace manufacturers, rapidly declined, and hot water became the dominant system for homes, especially in the eastern United States.

由于炉炉制造商的竞争，住宅用的蒸汽供暖已经举步维艰，迅速衰落，热水成为家庭的主要供暖系统，尤其是在美国东部。

Registers, Boilers, Radiators, And Industry Consolidation

采购产品登记，锅炉，散热器，和行业整合

No sooner did furnace manufacturers establish themselves, then makers of stock designs of heating registers appeared as well. Tuttle & Brother was established in Brooklyn in 1845 to manufacture heating registers and grilles. The name changed to Tuttle & Bailey (T&B) in 1848. William Highton & Sons began in Providence, RI, in 1850 — the company was later absorbed by Hart & Cooley in 1928.

熔炉制造商刚成立不久，加热寄存器的库存设计制造商也出现了。塔特尔兄弟公司于1845年在布鲁克林成立，主要生产加热记录仪和格栅。公司于1848年更名为塔特尔&贝利(T&B)。威廉·海顿父子公司于1850年在罗德岛普罗维登斯成立，该公司后来于1928年被哈特库利公司收购。

An 1851, the T&B catalog lists cast iron registers available with black or white “japanned” finish, gold bronze, or with nickel plating. They were shipped in wooden barrels packed in straw. Packing was expensive, and it was customary to charge the customer for the packing as well as the register.

1851年，T&B目录列出了黑色或白色“日本”抛光，金青铜或镀镍的铸铁寄存器。它们装在木桶里，用稻草包装。包装是昂贵的，而且习惯上要向顾客收取包装和登记费。

In 1895, Charles Foster of St. Louis, MO, patented a damper-type register. In 1899, Novelty Manufacturing Co. was the first to make steel registers in Jackson, MI.

1895年，密苏里州圣路易斯的查尔斯·福斯特(Charles Foster)为阻尼式寄存器申请了专利。1899年，新颖性制造公司是第一个在密歇根州杰克逊制造钢铁注册机的公司。

The design and artistry of heating registers was almost limitless. Some had footrests, humidifying pans, or were even designed to look like fireplace fronts.

加热寄存器的设计和艺术性几乎是无限的。有些有脚凳，加湿锅，甚至被设计成壁炉前面的样子。

Meanwhile, boiler design saw continuous improvement. Section-al cast iron boilers appeared  around 1850. John Mills invented a successful watertube boiler in the 1870s. Early boilers (and furnaces) were encased in brick, but by 1900, steel-encased furnaces and free-standing cast iron boilers appeared.

同时，锅炉的设计也在不断改进。1850年左右出现了分段铸铁锅炉。约翰·米尔斯在19世纪70年代发明了一种成功的水管锅炉。早期的锅炉(和炉子)是用砖包裹的，但到1900年，钢包裹的炉子和独立的铸铁锅炉出现了。

Early steam and hot water systems used pipe coils mounted on walls or in various places in a room. Often these pipes were coiled or assembled in a serpentine manner, and were placed in ornate cabinets called “coil cases.” Placement of the heating surface in the room came to be called “direct” radiation.

早期的蒸汽和热水系统使用安装在墙壁上或房间内不同位置的管盘管。通常，这些管道被盘绕或以蛇形的方式组装，并被放置在称为“线圈箱”的华丽橱柜中。房间内受热面的放置被称为“直接”辐射。

The coils were also recessed in walls, behind grates, or placed below the floor in a compartment connected to the room with a short duct and register. Such an approach was referred to as “indirect” radiation. Radiators of all types were sized by the amount of surface they had, measured in square feet.

这些线圈也被嵌在墙壁里，在格栅后面，或者放在地板下面的一个隔间里，用短管道和寄存器连接到房间里。这种方法被称为“间接”辐射。所有类型的散热器都是根据它们的表面大小来确定尺寸的，以平方英尺为单位。

Radiators as we know them date to 1863, when Joseph Nason and Robert Briggs patented a new design featuring vertical wrought iron tubes screwed into a cast iron base. Each tube was proportioned to have exactly 1 sq ft of surface when screwed into the base, allowing many standard sizes of radiators to be manufactured. Nelson Bundy invented the first popular cast iron radiator in 1874. By the 1880s, cast iron sectional radiators became very popular.

我们所知道的散热器可以追溯到1863年，当时约瑟夫·内森和罗伯特·布里格斯申请了一项新设计的专利，该设计将垂直锻铁管拧入铸铁底座。当拧入底座时，每个管的比例正好为1平方英尺，允许制造许多标准尺寸的散热器。尼尔森邦迪在1874年发明了第一个流行的铸铁散热器。到了19世纪80年代，铸铁散热器变得非常流行。

Competition between manufacturers of boilers and radiators was intense. As in the furnace business, bankruptcies and consolidations were frequent. The late 19th century saw the rise of the Business Trust, and the heating industry was quick to use this business form to improve the competitive situation. The most successful such trust was the American Radiator Company, which consolidated a number of the leading boiler and radiator manufacturers in 1891. Its advertising boasted: “The largest makers of radiators in the world.”

锅炉和散热器制造商之间的竞争非常激烈。与炼铁炉行业一样，破产和合并也很频繁。19世纪后期，商业托拉斯兴起，供暖行业迅速利用这种商业形式来改善竞争形势。这种信任最成功的是美国散热器公司，它在1891年整合了一些领先的锅炉和散热器制造商。它的广告吹嘘道:“世界上最大的散热器制造商。”

The company was the Microsoft of its time. Its success in capturing most of the radiator business is evident when surveying buildings with old radiators — American Radiator made most of them. The company exists today as American Standard.

该公司是当时的微软。在调查使用旧散热器的建筑物时，它在占领大部分散热器业务方面的成功是显而易见的-美国散热器制造了大部分。该公司今天以美国标准公司的名义存在。

The Fan System

空调系统，或者空气传递系统

Concurrent with the development of static steam, hot water, and warm-air systems, another line of thought proceeded, that of using forced hot air.

随着静态蒸汽、热水和暖空气系统的发展，另一种思路也随之出现，即使用强制热空气。

All of the early developments in forced-air systems concerned themselves with large buildings and factories. These large combinations of a fan and heater were referred to as “plenum” or “hot blast” systems. They rarely used furnaces directly in the airstream, but instead relied on indirect heaters using steam and, in a few cases, hot water. All of the early systems used 100% outside air. The use of recirculated air was not considered until after the 1890s.

强制空气系统的所有早期发展都与大型建筑物和工厂有关。这些风扇和加热器的大型组合被称为“整流”或“热风”系统。他们很少直接在气流中使用炉子，而是依靠使用蒸汽的间接加热器，在少数情况下使用热水。所有早期的系统都100%使用外部空气。直到19世纪90年代以后才考虑使用再循环空气。

John Desaguliers had designed the first modern heating blower, turned by hand by an operator referred to as the “ventilator” for the British Houses of Parliament in 1735. The design of centrifugal blowers was continually improved in England and Europe during the late 18th and 19th centuries. These early fans were mostly operated by steam engines.

John Desaguliers在1735年为英国议会大厦设计了第一个现代加热鼓风机，由一个被称为“通风机”的操作员手动转动。离心式鼓风机的设计在18世纪末和19世纪在英国和欧洲不断得到改进。这些早期的风扇大多是由蒸汽机操作的。

The Marquis de Chabannes advocated use of a centrifugal fan to force heated or cooled air through ducts to rooms. In December of 1815, he obtained a British patent for “a method or methods of conducting air, and regulating the temperature in houses or other buildings, and warming and cooling either air or liquids in a much more expeditious and consequently less expensive manner than hath hitherto been done....”

夏巴纳侯爵主张使用离心风机迫使加热或冷却的空气通过管道进入房间。1815年12月，他获得了一项英国专利，“一种或多种传导空气的方法，调节房屋或其他建筑物的温度，以比迄今为止更迅速、更便宜的方式加热和冷却空气或液体....”。

Walworth and Nason installed the first U.S. fan-type system for the U.S. Customs House in Boston in 1846. “The fan used was a paddle-wheel like that used on steamboats....The air was heated by coils of 3/4-inch pipe...a sufficient pressure being carried on the boiler to run the small steam engine that drove the fan, the exhaust steam being used to heat one of the coils.”

1846年，沃尔沃斯和内森为波士顿的美国海关大楼安装了第一个美国风扇式系统。“使用的风扇是一个类似于蒸汽船上使用的桨轮....空气由3/4英寸长的管卷加热。锅炉上有足够的压力来驱动驱动风扇的小型蒸汽机，排出的蒸汽被用来加热其中一个盘管。”

General Montgomery Meigs planned a much larger system in 1855 for the House and Senate wings of the U.S. Capitol. “The system recommended and adopted was that of a forced or plenum ventilation, the entering air being propelled by two large centrifugal fans, one 16 feet and one 12 feet in diameter, motive power being applied by vertical (steam) engines, the cranks of which were keyed on to the fan shaft. These fans as built...consisted of circular iron discs...on the periphery on one side of which was bolted cast iron quadrilateral vanes. These vanes were curved and placed on the line of a logarithmic spiral of 45 degrees. The fans were centered in a ring of brick work....”

蒙哥马利·梅格斯将军在1855年为美国国会大厦的参众两院设计了一个更大的系统。“推荐和采用的系统是强制或充气通风，进入的空气由两个大型离心风扇推进，一个直径16英尺，一个直径12英尺，动力由垂直(蒸汽)发动机提供，其曲柄与风扇轴相连。这些风扇是…由圆形的铁盘组成…在其外围一侧螺栓铸铁四边形叶片。这些叶片是弯曲的，并放置在45度的对数螺旋线上。扇子以砖砌成的环形为中心....”

The earliest fan systems were constructed completely onsite. However, it was soon evident that there was a manufacturing opportunity. Shoemaker Benjamin F. Sturtevant patented a combination fan and heat exchanger for cooling or heating purposes in 1869. He soon had established a company to manufacture and sell fans and heating systems. Other companies, such as Buffalo Forge Co. and American Blower Co., followed.

最早的风扇系统完全是在现场建造的。然而，很快就发现了制造业的机会。1869年，鞋匠Benjamin F. Sturtevant获得了用于冷却或加热目的的组合风扇和热交换器的专利。他很快就成立了一家制造和销售风扇和供暖系统的公司。Buffalo Forge Co.和American Blower Co.等其他公司也纷纷效仿。

By the 1890s, the method of using a fan to blow air over a steam- or water-heated surface, then distributing the air to rooms in large buildings, was well established. Such “hot blast” systems easily combined the need for ventilation with heating. By the turn of the century, these systems were quite sophisticated, some even featuring thermostatic and zone control. The plenum system lent itself to cooling as well with additional coils cooled in summer by refrigerated brine. These hot blast systems were also being equipped with air washers for filtering and humidifying by the 1890s.

到19世纪90年代，使用风扇将空气吹过蒸汽或水加热的表面，然后将空气分配到大型建筑物的各个房间的方法已经建立起来。这种“热风”系统很容易将通风和加热结合起来。到世纪之交，这些系统相当复杂，有些甚至具有恒温和区域控制功能。整流系统也可以通过额外的盘管进行冷却，在夏季通过冷冻盐水进行冷却。到19世纪90年代，这些热风系统还配备了空气洗涤器，用于过滤和加湿。

The popularity of hot blast systems spurred the radiator manufacturers to develop cast iron heat exchangers with an extended surface that could replace the banks of pipe that previously had been used. The most successful was the Vento sectional cast iron surface developed by John Spear in 1903 and marketed and manufactured by American Radiator Co.

热风系统的普及促使散热器制造商开发具有延伸表面的铸铁热交换器，以取代以前使用的管道组。最成功的是由John Spear于1903年开发的Vento断面铸铁表面，并由美国散热器公司销售和制造。

Lawrence Soule, who worked with Spear, improved upon the idea with his “Aerofin” heating surface, introduced in the early 1920s. The Aerofin used spirally wrapped copper sheet to produce a finned, lightweight heat exchanger. It quickly supplanted cast iron.

与斯皮尔一起工作的劳伦斯·索尔(Lawrence Soule)在20世纪20年代早期提出了他的“Aerofin”加热表面，改进了这个想法。Aerofin使用螺旋缠绕的铜片来制造翅片式轻质热交换器。它很快取代了铸铁。

Thermostats

温度调节器

Widespread use of comfort heating systems of various types in the latter 19th century provided the impetus to develop effective means to control the systems according to demand. There were sporadic attempts prior to this, but most centered on a direct control of the fire draft.

在19世纪后期，各种舒适供暖系统的广泛使用为根据需求开发有效的控制系统手段提供了动力。在此之前有零星的尝试，但大多数集中在直接控制火灾气流。

These schemes were often complicated to adjust, if they could be adjusted at all. They were inconvenient, since one had to go to where the heating unit was located. Most heating systems simply relied upon the building engineer or homeowner to manually adjust firing rates, draft, valves, or dampers.

这些计划如果能够调整的话，往往很难调整。他们很不方便，因为一个人必须去供暖装置所在的地方。大多数供暖系统仅仅依靠建筑工程师或房主手动调整燃烧速率、通风、阀门或阻尼器。

Modern thermostat control suddenly appeared from several inventors, all about the same time. Andrew Ure in England invented the bimetal thermostat. He received a British patent in 1830, but his device saw little use. In the U.S., the rapid development and use of central heating spurred several individuals to invent thermostatic control methods in the late 1800s.

现代恒温器控制突然出现在几个发明家的手中，几乎是在同一时间。英国的安德鲁·尤尔发明了双金属恒温器。他在1830年获得了英国专利，但他的装置很少被使用。在美国，中央供暖的快速发展和使用促使一些人在19世纪后期发明了恒温控制方法。

Professor Warren Johnson taught at a school in Wisconsin, where the only means of room temperature control was to tell the janitor to go to the basement and adjust steam valves. Johnson developed an electric annunciator system in 1873 that was used to signal the janitor when heat needed adjusting. He continued experimenting and in 1885, patented a thermostat that relied on compressed air to operate steam valves. He then established the Johnson Electric Service Co. to manufacture and install his system. Johnson went on to invent the humidostat for control of the humidity in buildings in 1905.

沃伦·约翰逊(Warren Johnson)教授在威斯康辛州的一所学校任教，在那里，控制室温的唯一方法就是让看门人去地下室调节蒸汽阀。约翰逊在1873年开发了一种电子报警器系统，当需要调节热量时，它可以向看门人发出信号。他继续实验，并于1885年获得了依靠压缩空气操作蒸汽阀的恒温器的专利。然后，他成立了约翰逊电气服务公司来制造和安装他的系统。约翰逊在1905年发明了用于控制建筑物湿度的恒温器。

The firm continues today as Johnson Controls.

公司沿用至今，名为江森自控。

Albert Butz, partner in the Mendenhall Hand Grenade Fire Extinguisher Co. (hand grenade fire extinguishers were thin glass containers of carbon tetrachloride, designed to burst when thrown into a fire — the carbon tet acted like today’s halons in smothering the fire) patented a thermostat-controlled draft damper in 1886. Butz’s thermostat was electric, using battery voltage to activate a spring-loaded motor that operated the draft damper in the boiler or furnace.

门登霍尔手榴弹灭火器公司的合伙人阿尔伯特·巴兹(Albert Butz)在1886年申请了恒温器控制的通风阻尼器的专利。(手榴弹灭火器是装有四氯化碳的薄玻璃容器，被设计成在被扔进火中时爆炸——碳tet的作用就像今天的哈龙一样窒息火焰)。巴兹的恒温器是电动的，利用电池电压激活一个弹簧马达，驱动锅炉或熔炉中的通风阻尼器。

The Butz Thermoelectric Regulator Company of Minne-apolis, MN, began manufacturing and selling the invention; however, the product did not sell well to homeowners. The company went through several name changes, ultimately ending up as the Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. After WW I, the company emphasized oil burner controls and in 1927 merged with the Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. to form the Minneapolis-Honeywell Reg-ulator Co., known today as Honeywell Inc.

明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市的Butz热电调节器公司开始制造和销售这项发明;然而，该产品在房主中卖得并不好。该公司经历了几次名称变更，最终以明尼阿波利斯热调节器有限公司结束。第一次世界大战后，该公司强调油燃烧器控制，并于1927年与霍尼韦尔加热专业公司合并，形成明尼阿波利斯-霍尼韦尔调节器有限公司，即今天的霍尼韦尔公司。

About 1887, William Powers was daydreaming during a dull Sunday sermon when the idea occurred to him that vapor pressure could be used to manipulate a draft damper in a furnace. He formed the Powers Regulator Co. in 1890 in Chicago, IL, to experiment and develop thermostatic controls. (Ironically, the first installation was in a church, where a thermostat was used to control mixing dampers in a plenum heating system.)

大约在1887年，威廉·鲍尔斯(William Powers)在一次沉闷的周日布道中做着白日梦，突然想到蒸汽压力可以用来操纵炉子里的通风阻尼器。他于1890年在伊利诺伊州芝加哥成立了电力调节器公司，以实验和开发恒温控制。(具有讽刺意味的是，第一次安装是在一座教堂，那里的一个恒温器被用来控制室内加热系统中的混合阻尼器。)

The first Powers thermostats were about 15-in. dia and made of solid brass with ornate detail. Powers concentrated his efforts on large heating systems, and his system was used in many notable buildings, including the Chrysler and Empire State buildings.

第一批鲍尔斯恒温器大约15英寸。直径和实心黄铜与华丽的细节。鲍尔斯把精力集中在大型供暖系统上，他的系统被用于许多著名的建筑，包括克莱斯勒大厦和帝国大厦。

The Powers line of automatic control is now part of Siemens Building Technologies.

自动控制的power线现在是西门子建筑技术公司的一部分。

Automatic Heating

自动化采暖系统

Before WW I, most homeowners had hand-fired coal furnaces. They had to descend into a basement and contend with coal shoveling, ash clearance, and a method of temperature control that was no more than “by guess or by gosh.”

在第一次世界大战之前，大多数房主都有手工烧煤炉。他们不得不下到地下室，与铲煤、清除灰和一种“靠猜或靠天”的温度控制方法作斗争。

Although thermostat-controlled draft regulators had been available for several decades, they were little used in homes.

尽管温控器控制的通风调节器已经出现了几十年，但它们在家庭中很少使用。

Automatic firing of heating equipment was hampered by lack of widespread availability of electric power and reliable electric motors. Once the motors were available, inventors had to figure out how to apply them to the firing of heating systems. They also had to develop controls that would permit thermostats to directly control the equipment.

由于缺乏广泛的电力供应和可靠的电动机，加热设备的自动点火受到阻碍。一旦有了发动机，发明家们就必须弄清楚如何将它们应用于加热系统的点火。他们还必须开发控制装置，使恒温器能够直接控制设备。

These efforts began after 1900, accelerating through the next two decades. During WW I, a coal shortage and a government initiative to conserve energy gave a push to automatic system development.

这些努力始于1900年之后，在接下来的20年里加速进行。在第一次世界大战期间，煤炭短缺和政府节约能源的倡议推动了自动化系统的发展。

Homeowners were used to banking coal fires at night, waking up early to stoke the fire with fresh coal, then waiting for bulky heating systems to respond. Guesswork and experience dictated how much coal to use, but this was obviously wasteful. The first electric coal stoker that could be controlled by thermostat was placed on the market in 1912, and by the 1920s, automatic coal systems were available from many manufacturers.

房主们习惯于在晚上把煤火存起来，早早起床往火里添煤，然后等待庞大的供暖系统做出反应。猜测和经验决定了要用多少煤，但这显然是浪费。1912年，第一台可以由恒温器控制的电动加煤机投放市场，到20世纪20年代，许多制造商都提供了自动加煤系统。

Night setback thermostats saw renewed interest. One using a wind-up clock had been brought out by Jewell Thermostat Co. in 1905. Sales of these devices surged during the war.

夜间挫折恒温器重新引起了人们的兴趣。1905年，朱维尔温控器公司(Jewell Thermostat Co.)推出了一款使用发条时钟的温控器。这些设备的销量在战争期间激增。

“Coal-less Mondays” were introduced in 1917, stimulating the use of oil and gas. Milton Fessler invented a residential oil burner in California between 1905 and 1908. Before the war, there were several manufacturers of domestic oil burners; Underwriters Laborator-ies certified an oil burner in 1912.

1917年推出的“无煤星期一”刺激了石油和天然气的使用。米尔顿·费斯勒(Milton Fessler)于1905年至1908年间在加州发明了一种家用燃油燃烧器。战前，国内有几家燃油燃烧器制造商;保险商实验室于1912年认证了一种燃油燃烧器。

The first oil burner with high-voltage electric ignition, called the “Electrol,” was introduced in 1918. By the mid-20s, the market for domestic oil burners skyrocketed. In 1924, the first controls designed exclusively for oil burners were marketed by Honeywell.

第一个高压电点火的油燃烧器，被称为“Electrol”，于1918年推出。到20年代中期，家用燃油燃烧器市场暴涨。1924年，第一个专门为燃油燃烧器设计的控制装置由霍尼韦尔上市。

Gas heating advanced as well. Frederic Albert Winslow was ridiculed in London in 1805 when he proposed that gas could be used for heating as well as lighting, and it was not until about 1840 that gas heating was attempted in the U.S. Sporadic attempts were made, especially in the western states, but there was no real incentive to push the use of gas until the gas utility companies saw their revenues decline as electric lighting advanced after 1880.

燃气供暖也有了进步。1805年，弗雷德里克·阿尔伯特·温斯洛(Frederic Albert Winslow)在伦敦提出天然气既可以用来取暖，也可以用来照明时，他遭到了嘲笑。直到1840年左右，美国才开始尝试使用天然气供暖。人们偶尔尝试过，尤其是在西部各州，但一直没有真正的动力去推动天然气的使用，直到1880年后，随着电力照明的发展，天然气公用事业公司的收入下降。

Casting about for a way to increase gas use, they began to investigate the use of gas for heating. Ohio Gas Light Co. in 1891 installed gas heating systems in 50 homes as an experiment. After 1900, some furnace and boiler manufacturers added gas-fired equipment to their lines, but gas equipment didn’t really take off until the war. By that time electric gas valves had been developed, so the heating system could be readily controlled by thermostat. The need for uniform testing resulted in the establishment of the A.G.A. Testing Laboratory in Cleveland, OH, by the American Gas Assoc-iation in 1925.

为了寻找增加燃气使用量的方法，他们开始研究用燃气取暖。1891年，俄亥俄煤气灯公司在50个家庭中安装了燃气供暖系统作为实验。1900年后，一些炉子和锅炉制造商在他们的生产线上增加了燃气设备，但燃气设备直到战争才真正起飞。到那时，电动气阀已经研制出来，所以加热系统可以很容易地由恒温器控制。由于需要统一的测试，美国天然气协会于1925年在俄亥俄州克利夫兰建立了A.G.A.测试实验室。

Use of natural gas was limited at first because of condensation problems in flues. The phenomenon was reported in trade literature as early as 1901, and condensation was apparently common enough that after a number of gas installations were placed in Buffalo, NY, it was reported that “almost every person has an iron pipe put into his chimney to carry off the water.” By the 1920s, the design application of gas-fired equipment was better understood.

由于烟道的冷凝问题，天然气的使用最初受到限制。这一现象早在1901年的贸易文献中就有报道，冷凝显然是很普遍的，在纽约州布法罗安装了一些天然气装置后，据报道，“几乎每个人的烟囱里都有一根铁管来排出水。”到了20世纪20年代，人们对燃气设备的设计应用有了更好的了解。

Modern Heating For A Modern World

现代社会的采暖系统

By the mid-1920s, heating could be said to have advanced to a pure form of democracy: Everyone could participate. Heating devices and systems had become relatively inexpensive and almost completely reliable. Their efficiency had been improved.

到20世纪20年代中期，供暖可以说已经发展到一种纯粹的民主形式:每个人都可以参与。加热装置和系统变得相对便宜，而且几乎完全可靠。他们的效率提高了。

One could avoid the basement for weeks at a time and safe, effective heat was only as far away as the nearest thermostat. The state of heating would advance at an even more astounding pace, such that our predecessors would stare in wonder at what has been accomplished.

一个人可以连续几周避开地下室，而安全、有效的供暖距离最近的恒温器只有几步之遥。加热状态将以更加惊人的速度发展，以致于我们的前人会惊奇地注视着我们所取得的成就。

By 1926, the date The Electric Refrigeration News began publishing, heating had advanced from the campfire to something so silent, automatic, and reliable that we simply take it for granted — we just “turn on the heat.” Our industry has succeeded in transforming heating apparatus into Walter Bernan’s “machines of society.”

到1926年，也就是《电子制冷新闻》开始出版的那一天，加热已经从营火发展到一种无声、自动、可靠的方式，我们只是把它视为理所当然——我们只是“打开暖气”。我们的工业已经成功地把加热设备变成了沃尔特·伯南所说的“社会机器”。

We who design, manufacture, market, install, and service heating systems inherit a legacy that serves one of the most important necessities of society. This review of our proud past can only inspire us to keep up the good work!

我们设计、制造、销售、安装和服务供暖系统，继承了服务于社会最重要必需品之一的传统。回顾我们骄傲的过去，只能激励我们继续努力!

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