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R. Buckminster Fuller (born July 12, 1895, Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.—died July 1, 1983, Los Angeles, California) American engineer, architect, and futurist who developed the geodesic dome—the only large dome that can be set directly on the ground as a complete structure and the only practical kind of building that has no limiting dimensions (i.e., beyond which the structural strength must be insufficient).  

R.巴克明斯特·富勒(1895年7月12日出生于美国马萨诸塞州米尔顿，1983年7月1日死于加利福尼亚州洛杉矶)美国工程师、建筑师和未来学家，他发明了测地圆顶——这是唯一一种可以直接放在地面上作为一个完整结构的大圆顶，也是唯一一种没有尺寸限制的实用建筑(即，超过这个尺寸结构强度就一定不足)。

Among the most noteworthy geodesic domes is the United States pavilion for Expo 67 in Montreal.  Also a poet and a philosopher, Fuller was noted for unorthodox ideas on global issues.

其中最引人注目的是第67届蒙特利尔世博会的美国馆。富勒也是一位诗人和哲学家，他以在全球问题上的非正统观点而闻名。

Life

Fuller was descended from a long line of New England Nonconformists, the most famous of whom was his great-aunt, Margaret Fuller, the critic, teacher, woman of letters and cofounder of The Dial, organ of the Transcendentalist movement.  Fuller was twice expelled from Harvard University and never completed his formal education.  He saw service in the U.S. Navy during World War I as commander of a crash-boat flotilla.  In 1917 he married Anne Hewlett, daughter of James Monroe Hewlett, a well-known architect and muralist.  

富勒是一长串新英格兰不国教教徒的后裔，其中最著名的是他的姑母玛格丽特·富勒，她是评论家、教师、文学家，也是the Dial的联合创始人，是超验主义运动的组织者。富勒曾两次被哈佛大学开除，从未完成他的正规教育。第一次世界大战期间，他曾在美国海军服役，担任一支快艇舰队的指挥官。1917年，他与著名建筑师和壁画家詹姆斯·门罗·休利特的女儿安妮·休利特结婚。

Hewlett had invented a modular construction system using a compressed fibre block, and after the war Fuller and Hewlett formed a construction company that used this material (later known as Soundex, a Celotex product) in modules for house construction.  In this operation Fuller himself supervised the erection of several hundred houses.

休利特发明了一种使用压缩纤维块的模块化建筑系统，战后富勒和休利特成立了一家建筑公司，将这种材料(后来被称为Soundex, Celotex的一种产品)用于房屋建筑模块。在这项工程中，富勒亲自监督建造了几百座房屋。

Architecture: The Built World

The construction company encountered financial difficulties in 1927, and Fuller, a minority stockholder, was forced out.  He found himself stranded in Chicago, without income, alienated, dismayed, confused.  At this point in his life, Fuller resolved to devote his remaining years to a nonprofit search for design patterns that could maximize the social uses of the world’s energy resources and evolving industrial complex.  The inventions, discoveries, and economic strategies that followed were interim factors related to that end.

1927年，这家建筑公司遇到了财政困难，小股东富勒被迫离开。他发现自己被困在芝加哥，没有收入，被疏远，沮丧，困惑。在他生命的这个阶段，富勒决定将他的余生投入到一个非营利性的设计模式中，以最大限度地利用世界能源资源和不断发展的工业综合体。随后的发明、发现和经济战略都是与这一目标相关的临时因素。

In 1927, in the course of the development of his comprehensive strategy, he invented and demonstrated a factory-assembled, air-deliverable house, later called the Dymaxion house, which had its own utilities.  He designed in 1928, and manufactured in 1933, the first prototype of his three-wheeled omnidirectional vehicle, the Dymaxion car.  

1927年，在他的综合战略的发展过程中，他发明并展示了一种工厂组装的、可空运的房子，后来被称为Dymaxion房子，它有自己的公用设施。他于1928年设计并于1933年制造了他的三轮全向车Dymaxion的第一辆原型车。

Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion House

This automobile, the first streamlined car, could cross open fields like a jeep, accelerate to 120 miles (190 km) per hour, make a 180-degree turn in its own length, carry 12 passengers, and average 28 miles per gallon (12 km per litre) of gasoline.  In 1943, at the request of the industrialist Henry Kaiser, Fuller developed a new version of the Dymaxion car that was planned to be powered by three separate air-cooled engines, each coupled to its own wheel by a variable fluid drive.  The projected 1943 Dymaxion, like its predecessor, was never commercially produced.

这辆汽车是第一辆流线型汽车，可以像吉普车一样穿过开阔的田野，加速到每小时120英里(190公里)，在自身长度上可以180度转弯，搭载12名乘客，平均每加仑汽油行驶28英里(每升12公里)。1943年，应实业家亨利·凯泽(Henry Kaiser)的要求，富勒开发了Dymaxion汽车的新版本，计划由三个独立的气冷发动机提供动力，每个发动机通过可变流体驱动与自己的车轮相连。1943年的Dymaxion，像它的前身一样，从来没有商业化生产。

Dymaxion CAR

Assuming that there is in nature a vectorial, or directionally oriented, system of forces that provides maximum strength with minimum structures, as is the case in the nested tetrahedron lattices of organic compounds and of metals, Fuller developed a vectorial system of geometry that he called “Energetic-Synergetic geometry.”  The basic unit of this system is the tetrahedron (a pyramid shape with four sides, including the base), which, in combination with octahedrons (eight-sided shapes), forms the most economic space-filling structures.  

富勒假设自然界中存在一种矢量或定向的力系统，可以用最小的结构提供最大的强度，就像有机化合物和金属的嵌套四面体晶格一样，富勒开发了一种几何矢量系统，他称之为“能量协同几何”。这个系统的基本单位是四面体(一个有四个边的金字塔形状，包括底部)，它与八面体(八面形状)结合，形成最经济的空间填充结构。

Energetic-Synergetic geometry

The architectural consequence of the use of this geometry by Fuller was the geodesic dome, a frame the total strength of which increases in logarithmic ratio to its size.  Many thousands of geodesic domes have been erected in various parts of the world, the most publicized of which was the United States exhibition dome at Expo 67 in Montreal.  

Fuller使用这种几何形状的建筑结果是测地线圆顶，框架的总强度与其大小成对数比增加。世界各地建造了成千上万的测地线圆顶，其中最广为人知的是67年蒙特利尔世博会上美国的展览圆顶。

One houses the tropical exhibit area of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Another, the Union Tank Car Company’s dome, was built in 1958 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and, at the time of its construction, was the largest clear-span structure in existence, 384 feet (117 metres) in diameter and 116 feet (35 metres) in height.

一个是圣路易斯密苏里植物园的热带展览区，另一个是联合油罐车公司的圆顶，建于1958年在路易斯安那州的巴吞鲁日，在建造时，是现存最大的净跨结构，直径384英尺(117米)，高116英尺(35米)。

Other inventions and developments by Fuller included a system of cartography that presents all the land areas of the world without significant distortion;  die-stamped prefabricated bathrooms;  tetrahedronal floating cities;  underwater geodesic-domed farms;  and expendable paper domes.  Fuller did not regard himself as an inventor or an architect, however.  All of his developments, in his view, were accidental or interim incidents in a strategy that aimed at a radical solution of world problems by finding the means to do more with less.

富勒的其他发明和发展还包括一种地图系统，它可以呈现世界上所有的陆地区域，而不会有明显的失真;模压预制浴室;四面体浮动城市;水下测地线圆顶农场;还有可消耗的纸圆顶。然而，富勒并不认为自己是发明家或建筑师。在他看来，他的所有发展都是偶然的或临时的事件，其战略旨在通过寻找少花钱多办事的方法来彻底解决世界问题。

Comprehensive and anticipatory design initiative alone, he held—exclusive of politics and political theory—can solve the problems of human shelter, nutrition, transportation, and pollution;  and it can solve these with a fraction of the materials now inefficiently used.  Moreover, energy, ever more available, directed by cumulative information stored in computers, is capable of synthesizing raw materials, of machining and packaging commodities, and of supplying the physical needs of the total global population.

他认为，不考虑政治和政治理论，仅靠全面和前瞻性的设计主动性就能解决人类居住、营养、交通和污染等问题;它可以解决这些问题，只需要一小部分目前效率低下的材料。此外，在计算机储存的累积信息的指导下，越来越容易获得的能源能够合成原材料，加工和包装商品，并满足全球总人口的物质需求。

Fuller was a research professor at Southern Illinois University (Carbondale) from 1959 to 1968.  In 1968 he was named university professor, in 1972 distinguished university professor, and in 1975 university professor emeritus.  Queen Elizabeth II awarded Fuller the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture.  He also received the 1968 Gold Medal Award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

1959年至1968年，富勒在南伊利诺伊大学(卡本代尔)担任研究教授。1968年被任命为大学教授，1972年被任命为杰出大学教授，1975年被任命为大学名誉教授。英国女王伊丽莎白二世授予富勒皇家建筑金质奖章。他还获得了1968年国家艺术与文学研究所金奖。

Legacy

Fuller—architect, engineer, inventor, philosopher, author, cartographer, geometrician, futurist, teacher, and poet—established a reputation as one of the most original thinkers of the second half of the 20th century.  

富勒是建筑师、工程师、发明家、哲学家、作家、制图师、几何学家、未来学家、教师和诗人，他是20世纪下半叶最具独创性的思想家之一。

He conceived of man as a passenger in a cosmic spaceship—a passenger whose only wealth consists in energy and information.  Energy has two phases—associative (as atomic and molecule structures) and dissociative (as radiation)—and, according to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe cannot be decreased.  

他把人想象成宇宙飞船上的一名乘客——一名唯一的财富就是能量和信息的乘客。能量有两个阶段——结合(原子和分子结构)和分离(辐射)——根据热力学第一定律，宇宙的能量不能减少。

Information, on the other hand, is negatively entropic;  as knowledge, technology, “know-how,” it constantly increases.  Research engenders research, and each technological advance multiplies the productive wealth of the world community.  Consequently, “Spaceship Earth” is a regenerative system whose energy is progressively turned to human advantage and whose wealth increases by geometric increments.

另一方面，信息是负熵的;随着知识、技术、“诀窍”的不断增加。研究产生研究，每一项技术进步都使世界社会的生产财富倍增。因此，“宇宙飞船地球”是一个再生系统，其能量逐渐转化为人类的优势，其财富以几何增量增长。

Fuller’s book Nine Chains to the Moon (1938) is an outline of his general technological strategy for maximizing the social applications of energy resources.  He further developed this and other themes in such works as No More Secondhand God (1962), Utopia or Oblivion (1969), Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1969), Earth, Inc. (1973), and Critical Path (1981).

富勒的著作《通往月球的九链》(1938)概述了他最大化能源社会应用的总体技术策略。他在诸如《不再是二手上帝》(1962)、《乌托邦还是遗忘》(1969)、《地球飞船操作手册》(1969)、《地球公司》(1973)和《关键路径》(1981)等作品中进一步发展了这一主题。

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R. Buckminster Fuller (born July 12, 1895, Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.—died July 1, 1983, Los Angeles, California) American engineer, architect, and futurist who developed the geodesic dome—the only large dome that can be set directly on the ground as a complete structure and the only practical kind of building that has no limiting dimensions (i.e., beyond which the structural strength must be insufficient).  

R.巴克明斯特·富勒(1895年7月12日出生于美国马萨诸塞州米尔顿，1983年7月1日死于加利福尼亚州洛杉矶)美国工程师、建筑师和未来学家，他发明了测地圆顶——这是唯一一种可以直接放在地面上作为一个完整结构的大圆顶，也是唯一一种没有尺寸限制的实用建筑(即，超过这个尺寸结构强度就一定不足)。

Among the most noteworthy geodesic domes is the United States pavilion for Expo 67 in Montreal.  Also a poet and a philosopher, Fuller was noted for unorthodox ideas on global issues.

其中最引人注目的是第67届蒙特利尔世博会的美国馆。富勒也是一位诗人和哲学家，他以在全球问题上的非正统观点而闻名。

Life

Fuller was descended from a long line of New England Nonconformists, the most famous of whom was his great-aunt, Margaret Fuller, the critic, teacher, woman of letters and cofounder of The Dial, organ of the Transcendentalist movement.  Fuller was twice expelled from Harvard University and never completed his formal education.  He saw service in the U.S. Navy during World War I as commander of a crash-boat flotilla.  In 1917 he married Anne Hewlett, daughter of James Monroe Hewlett, a well-known architect and muralist.  

富勒是一长串新英格兰不国教教徒的后裔，其中最著名的是他的姑母玛格丽特·富勒，她是评论家、教师、文学家，也是the Dial的联合创始人，是超验主义运动的组织者。富勒曾两次被哈佛大学开除，从未完成他的正规教育。第一次世界大战期间，他曾在美国海军服役，担任一支快艇舰队的指挥官。1917年，他与著名建筑师和壁画家詹姆斯·门罗·休利特的女儿安妮·休利特结婚。

Hewlett had invented a modular construction system using a compressed fibre block, and after the war Fuller and Hewlett formed a construction company that used this material (later known as Soundex, a Celotex product) in modules for house construction.  In this operation Fuller himself supervised the erection of several hundred houses.

休利特发明了一种使用压缩纤维块的模块化建筑系统，战后富勒和休利特成立了一家建筑公司，将这种材料(后来被称为Soundex, Celotex的一种产品)用于房屋建筑模块。在这项工程中，富勒亲自监督建造了几百座房屋。

Architecture: The Built World

The construction company encountered financial difficulties in 1927, and Fuller, a minority stockholder, was forced out.  He found himself stranded in Chicago, without income, alienated, dismayed, confused.  At this point in his life, Fuller resolved to devote his remaining years to a nonprofit search for design patterns that could maximize the social uses of the world’s energy resources and evolving industrial complex.  The inventions, discoveries, and economic strategies that followed were interim factors related to that end.

1927年，这家建筑公司遇到了财政困难，小股东富勒被迫离开。他发现自己被困在芝加哥，没有收入，被疏远，沮丧，困惑。在他生命的这个阶段，富勒决定将他的余生投入到一个非营利性的设计模式中，以最大限度地利用世界能源资源和不断发展的工业综合体。随后的发明、发现和经济战略都是与这一目标相关的临时因素。

In 1927, in the course of the development of his comprehensive strategy, he invented and demonstrated a factory-assembled, air-deliverable house, later called the Dymaxion house, which had its own utilities.  He designed in 1928, and manufactured in 1933, the first prototype of his three-wheeled omnidirectional vehicle, the Dymaxion car.  

1927年，在他的综合战略的发展过程中，他发明并展示了一种工厂组装的、可空运的房子，后来被称为Dymaxion房子，它有自己的公用设施。他于1928年设计并于1933年制造了他的三轮全向车Dymaxion的第一辆原型车。

Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion House

This automobile, the first streamlined car, could cross open fields like a jeep, accelerate to 120 miles (190 km) per hour, make a 180-degree turn in its own length, carry 12 passengers, and average 28 miles per gallon (12 km per litre) of gasoline.  In 1943, at the request of the industrialist Henry Kaiser, Fuller developed a new version of the Dymaxion car that was planned to be powered by three separate air-cooled engines, each coupled to its own wheel by a variable fluid drive.  The projected 1943 Dymaxion, like its predecessor, was never commercially produced.

这辆汽车是第一辆流线型汽车，可以像吉普车一样穿过开阔的田野，加速到每小时120英里(190公里)，在自身长度上可以180度转弯，搭载12名乘客，平均每加仑汽油行驶28英里(每升12公里)。1943年，应实业家亨利·凯泽(Henry Kaiser)的要求，富勒开发了Dymaxion汽车的新版本，计划由三个独立的气冷发动机提供动力，每个发动机通过可变流体驱动与自己的车轮相连。1943年的Dymaxion，像它的前身一样，从来没有商业化生产。

Dymaxion CAR

Assuming that there is in nature a vectorial, or directionally oriented, system of forces that provides maximum strength with minimum structures, as is the case in the nested tetrahedron lattices of organic compounds and of metals, Fuller developed a vectorial system of geometry that he called “Energetic-Synergetic geometry.”  The basic unit of this system is the tetrahedron (a pyramid shape with four sides, including the base), which, in combination with octahedrons (eight-sided shapes), forms the most economic space-filling structures.  

富勒假设自然界中存在一种矢量或定向的力系统，可以用最小的结构提供最大的强度，就像有机化合物和金属的嵌套四面体晶格一样，富勒开发了一种几何矢量系统，他称之为“能量协同几何”。这个系统的基本单位是四面体(一个有四个边的金字塔形状，包括底部)，它与八面体(八面形状)结合，形成最经济的空间填充结构。

Energetic-Synergetic geometry

The architectural consequence of the use of this geometry by Fuller was the geodesic dome, a frame the total strength of which increases in logarithmic ratio to its size.  Many thousands of geodesic domes have been erected in various parts of the world, the most publicized of which was the United States exhibition dome at Expo 67 in Montreal.  

Fuller使用这种几何形状的建筑结果是测地线圆顶，框架的总强度与其大小成对数比增加。世界各地建造了成千上万的测地线圆顶，其中最广为人知的是67年蒙特利尔世博会上美国的展览圆顶。

One houses the tropical exhibit area of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Another, the Union Tank Car Company’s dome, was built in 1958 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and, at the time of its construction, was the largest clear-span structure in existence, 384 feet (117 metres) in diameter and 116 feet (35 metres) in height.

一个是圣路易斯密苏里植物园的热带展览区，另一个是联合油罐车公司的圆顶，建于1958年在路易斯安那州的巴吞鲁日，在建造时，是现存最大的净跨结构，直径384英尺(117米)，高116英尺(35米)。

Other inventions and developments by Fuller included a system of cartography that presents all the land areas of the world without significant distortion;  die-stamped prefabricated bathrooms;  tetrahedronal floating cities;  underwater geodesic-domed farms;  and expendable paper domes.  Fuller did not regard himself as an inventor or an architect, however.  All of his developments, in his view, were accidental or interim incidents in a strategy that aimed at a radical solution of world problems by finding the means to do more with less.

富勒的其他发明和发展还包括一种地图系统，它可以呈现世界上所有的陆地区域，而不会有明显的失真;模压预制浴室;四面体浮动城市;水下测地线圆顶农场;还有可消耗的纸圆顶。然而，富勒并不认为自己是发明家或建筑师。在他看来，他的所有发展都是偶然的或临时的事件，其战略旨在通过寻找少花钱多办事的方法来彻底解决世界问题。

Comprehensive and anticipatory design initiative alone, he held—exclusive of politics and political theory—can solve the problems of human shelter, nutrition, transportation, and pollution;  and it can solve these with a fraction of the materials now inefficiently used.  Moreover, energy, ever more available, directed by cumulative information stored in computers, is capable of synthesizing raw materials, of machining and packaging commodities, and of supplying the physical needs of the total global population.

他认为，不考虑政治和政治理论，仅靠全面和前瞻性的设计主动性就能解决人类居住、营养、交通和污染等问题;它可以解决这些问题，只需要一小部分目前效率低下的材料。此外，在计算机储存的累积信息的指导下，越来越容易获得的能源能够合成原材料，加工和包装商品，并满足全球总人口的物质需求。

Fuller was a research professor at Southern Illinois University (Carbondale) from 1959 to 1968.  In 1968 he was named university professor, in 1972 distinguished university professor, and in 1975 university professor emeritus.  Queen Elizabeth II awarded Fuller the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture.  He also received the 1968 Gold Medal Award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

1959年至1968年，富勒在南伊利诺伊大学(卡本代尔)担任研究教授。1968年被任命为大学教授，1972年被任命为杰出大学教授，1975年被任命为大学名誉教授。英国女王伊丽莎白二世授予富勒皇家建筑金质奖章。他还获得了1968年国家艺术与文学研究所金奖。

Legacy

Fuller—architect, engineer, inventor, philosopher, author, cartographer, geometrician, futurist, teacher, and poet—established a reputation as one of the most original thinkers of the second half of the 20th century.  

富勒是建筑师、工程师、发明家、哲学家、作家、制图师、几何学家、未来学家、教师和诗人，他是20世纪下半叶最具独创性的思想家之一。

He conceived of man as a passenger in a cosmic spaceship—a passenger whose only wealth consists in energy and information.  Energy has two phases—associative (as atomic and molecule structures) and dissociative (as radiation)—and, according to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe cannot be decreased.  

他把人想象成宇宙飞船上的一名乘客——一名唯一的财富就是能量和信息的乘客。能量有两个阶段——结合(原子和分子结构)和分离(辐射)——根据热力学第一定律，宇宙的能量不能减少。

Information, on the other hand, is negatively entropic;  as knowledge, technology, “know-how,” it constantly increases.  Research engenders research, and each technological advance multiplies the productive wealth of the world community.  Consequently, “Spaceship Earth” is a regenerative system whose energy is progressively turned to human advantage and whose wealth increases by geometric increments.

另一方面，信息是负熵的;随着知识、技术、“诀窍”的不断增加。研究产生研究，每一项技术进步都使世界社会的生产财富倍增。因此，“宇宙飞船地球”是一个再生系统，其能量逐渐转化为人类的优势，其财富以几何增量增长。

Fuller’s book Nine Chains to the Moon (1938) is an outline of his general technological strategy for maximizing the social applications of energy resources.  He further developed this and other themes in such works as No More Secondhand God (1962), Utopia or Oblivion (1969), Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1969), Earth, Inc. (1973), and Critical Path (1981).

富勒的著作《通往月球的九链》(1938)概述了他最大化能源社会应用的总体技术策略。他在诸如《不再是二手上帝》(1962)、《乌托邦还是遗忘》(1969)、《地球飞船操作手册》(1969)、《地球公司》(1973)和《关键路径》(1981)等作品中进一步发展了这一主题。

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