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BIM在国外的发展情况如何?

飞羽菲 2022-10-8 21:17:38 84726
摘自BIM 在国外应用的现状研究


建筑信息模型(Building Information Modeling,简称BIM)从提出到逐步完善,再到工程建设行业的普遍接受,经历了几十年的历程。BIM的实践最初主要由几个比较小的先锋国家所主导,比如芬兰、挪威和新加坡,美国的一些早期实践者紧随其后。经过长期的酝酿,BIM在美国逐渐成为主流,并对包括中国在内的其他国家的BIM实践产生影响。如今,BIM应用在国外已经相当普及,本文旨在介绍BIM在国外应用的现状。

新加坡
       1995年新加坡国家发展部启动了一个名为CORENET(Construction and Real EstateNetwork)的IT 项目。主要目的是通过对业务流程进行流程再造(BPR),以实现作业时间、生产效率和效果上的提升,同时还注重于采用先进的信息技术实现建筑房地产业的参与方间实现高效、无缝地沟通和信息交流。Corenet系统主要包括三个组成部分:e-Submission、
e-plan Check和e-info。在整个系统中,居于核心地位的是e-plan Check子系统,同时其也是整个系统中最具特色之处。该子系统的作用是使用自动化程序对建筑设汁的成果进行数字化的检查,以发现其中违反建筑规范要求之处。整个计划涉及到了五个政府部门中的八个相关机构。为了达到这一目的,系统采用了国际互可操作联盟(IAI)所制定的IFC 2x2标准作为建筑数据定义的方法和手段。整个系统采用C/S架构,利用该系统,设计人员可以先通过系统的BIM工具对设计成果进行加工准备,然后将其提交给系统进行在线的自动审查。
       为了保证CORENET项目(特别是e-plan check系统)的顺利实施,新加坡政府采取了一系列的政策措施,取得了较好地效果。其中主要包括:
       (1)广泛的业界测试和试用以保证系统的运行效果
       (2)注重通过各种形式与业界沟通,加强人才培养
       (3)加强与国际组织的合作在系统的研发过程中新加坡政府非常重视与相关国际组织的合作,这可以使得系统能得到来自国际组织的全方位支持,同时也可以在更大的范围得到认可。
美国
       2003年起,美国总务管理局(GSA)通过其下属的公共建筑服务处(Public Buildings Service,PBS)开始实施一项被称为国家3D-4D-BIM计划的项目,实施该项目的目的有:①实现技术转变,以提供更加高效、经济、安全、美观的联邦建筑:②促进和支持开放标准的应用。按照计划,GSA从整个项目生命周期的角度来探索BIM的应用,其包含的领域有空间规划验证、4D进度控制、激光扫描、能量分析、人流和安全验证以及建筑设备分析及决策支持等。为了保证计划的顺利实施,GSA制定了一系列的策略进行支持和引导,主要内容有:
      (1)制定详细明了的愿景和价值主张
      (2)利用试点项目积累经验并起到示范作用
      (3)加强人员培训,建立鼓励共享的组织文化
      (4)选择适合的软件和硬件,应用开放标准软、硬件系统构成了BIM应用的基础环境
英国
       与大多数国家相比,英国政府要求强制使用BIM。2011年5月,英国内阁办公室发布了”政府建设战略(Government    ConstructionStrategy)”文件,其中有整个章节关于建筑信息模型( BIM),这章节中明确要求,到2016年,政府要求全面协同3D-BIM.并将全部的文件以信息化管理。
       英国的设计公司在BIM实施方面已经相当领先了,因为伦敦是众多全球领先设计企业的总部,如Foster and Partners、Zaha HadidArchitects. BDP和Arup Sports,也是很多领先设计企业的欧洲总部,如HOK、SOM 和Gensler。在这些背景下,一个政府发布的强制使用BIM的文件可以得到有效执行,因此,英国的AEC企业与世界其他地方相比,发展速度更快。
北欧
       北欧国家包括挪威、丹麦、瑞典和芬兰,是一些主要的建筑业信息技术的软件厂商所在地,如Tekla  和Solibri,而且对发源于邻近匈牙利的ArchiCAD的应用率也很高。
       北欧四国政府强制却并未要求全部使用BIM,由于当地气候的要求以及先进建筑信息技术软件的推动,BIM技术的发展主要是企业的自觉行为。如Senate Properties一家芬兰国有企业,也是荷兰最大的物业资产管理公司。2007年,Senate Properties发布了一份建设计的BIM要求(Senate PrOpertieS'BIM  ReqUirementS  fOr  ArChiteCtUral Design,2007)。自2007年10月1日起,Senate Properties的项目仅强制要求建筑设计部分使用BIM,其他设计部分可根据项目情况自行决定是否采用BIM技术,但目标将是全面使用BIM。该报告还提出,在设计招标将有强制的BIM要求,这些BIM要求将成为项目合同的一部分,具有法律约束力:建议在项目协作时,建模任务需创建通用的视图,需要准确的定义;需要提交最终BIM模型,且建筑结构与模型内部的碰撞霈要进行存档:建模流程分为四个阶段:Spatial  Group  BIM、Spatial  BIM、Pre|iminary  BuiIdingElement  BIM和BuildingElement  BIM
参考文献:
[1]杰里,菜瑟林,王新.美国BIM应用的观察与启示[J].时代建筑,2013 (2).
[2]贺灵童.BIM在全球的应用现状[J].工程质量,2013,31(3).
[3]张泳,付君.从新,美两国经验看我国BIM发展战略[J].价值工程,2013,32(5): 41-44
[4]郑国勤,邱奎宁.BIM国内外标准综述{J].土木建筑工程信息技术,2012,1:008.

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大家好,我是嘉程BIM希希老师。私信我领取BIM资料。
今日分享内容:BIM不仅仅在国内潜力巨大,全球市场中BIM也占有一席之地
一、全球市场美国联合市场研究(Allied Market Research) ?近日发布了《全球BIM市场》报告,称预计到2022年,全球BIM市场收益将达到117亿美元,2016-2022的复合年增长率(CAGR)将达到21.6% 。因为建筑业的迅猛发展和政府强制使用BIM的支持性法规,预计亚太地区的需求将大幅增长。此外,商业和基础设施建设行业对技术图纸和数据库自动化的需求不断增加,预计BIM将在商业和基础设施建设等不同行业得到越来越多的应用。
二、中国市场
不妨可以从不同的角度来推测一下中国市场。
由于国家政策引导,以及建筑业市场发展情况,众多特一级企业愈发重视BIM投入,根据2016年7月21日住建部发布《关于公布第一批建筑业企业资质换证名单的通知》统计,国内有9604家特一级建筑企业,按照每家企业BIM系统投入每年(维护、升级等费用也计入)200万元计算,BIM软件的市场规模大约在100亿元左右;
依据上海住建委出台的《关于本市保障性住房项目实施建筑信息模型技术应用的通知》中对各阶段和项目规定的BIM使用价格在10-25元/㎡之间,结合国家统计局公布2016年的房屋新开工面积为16.69亿/㎡,按照5%的增速计算,BIM年市场容量将在150亿元-400亿元之间;
再从装配式建筑这个细分市场分析一下,国务院《关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见》提出,力争用10年左右时间,使装配式建筑占新建建筑的比例达到30%。依据国家统计局数据,2016年建筑业房屋新开工面积为16.69亿平方米,假设到2026年,全国房屋新开工面积年均增长5%,按30%的比例算,装配式建筑也将达8.16亿平方米。根据《装配式建筑工程消耗量定额》(征求意见稿),装配式建筑投资每平方米在2000-2800元之间,这就意味着,既定条件不变的情况下,预计2026年装配式建筑市场规模1.5万-2.5万亿元,核算BIM年市场容量将在80亿元-210亿元之间,百亿蓝海,规模巨大。
BIM行业是建筑业的第二次变革!
一、BIM咨询市场是BIM产业中交易最活跃的细分市场,也是BIM产业中企业数量最多的领域。主要为建设方、施工企业提供BIM咨询服务。因进入门槛较低,存在大量的咨询企业,有的依托软件研发业务提供咨询服务,有些传统的设计院、工程咨询公司新开辟BIM咨询业务,另有新人看准机遇另起炉灶,以BIM咨询为主营业务的大量企业。
二、因产业技术的升级换代,行业面临大量的培训需求。中国建设教育协会推出的全国BIM应用技能考试,以应对大量的BIM培训与考证需求。但BIM培训企业相对规模较小,但面对4000万建筑行业人士的培训需求,整个市场前景广阔。
三、BIM软件研发,但因软件研发需要技术准备及大量的资金投入,不是一般企业所能承受的。
以下是从BIM的具体应用层面分析,可能会出现更多的从业机会:
一、目前BIM软件之间数据信息交互还不够畅通,虽然最近国家也推出了一些信息交换的标准,但是离应用层面还有一定的距离,无论从软件研发、技术咨询还是培训,这都是未来从业的内容。
二、大土木工程专业类别众多,从房建、厂房、市政到钢结构、精装、地铁、铁路、码头、化工等,十分庞杂,专业区别十分巨大,建模技术要求不同。不同的工程专业的工艺流程,管理体系也十分庞大,各专业要真正用好BIM技术,需要自己的专业BIM系统。各专业都拥有专业化非常强的BIM技术系统将是一个发展方向,与专业需求、规范,甚至是本地化深度结合,做出用户体验最好、投入产生最高的专业BIM技术体系,在专业上的深耕也是一个极好的方向。
三、对于BIM来说,与物联网的结合,可以为建筑物内部各类智能机电设备提供空间定位,建筑物内部各类智能机电设备在BIM模型中的空间定位,有助于为各类检修、维护活动提供更直观的分析手段。随着智慧城市的发展,利用“BIM+GIS+物联网”建设数字化城市越来越需要拥抱BIM来获得海量的城市建筑设施模型数据。从BIM到CIM,将成为BIM技术升级面临的更大市场。
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UnitedKingdom
In order tofacilitate all the members in industry groups to work collaboratively with BIM,the Cabinet Office of UK published the Government Construction Strategy in May2011, aiming to achieve higher efficiency and cost reduction.
According to thedocument, the UK government plans to adopt BIM progressively starting from 2012to 2016, enabling AEC industry to have enough time to prepare for the newstandards and get trainings of BIM. Specifically, they are required to applyBIM to in post completion process from March 2012 and one month later theyshould define and mandate the expected standard information set for governmentprojects. By 2016 they need to achieve fully collaborative 3D BIM with allinformation data and electronic documentation.
China
In terms of theimplementation of BIM, Hong Kong started piloting BIM since 2006 with more than19 public rental housing projects utilized BIM technology at various projectstages, ranging from feasibility study to construction stage. They alsodeveloped their own in-house BIM standards, user guide, library componentdesign guide and references to enable the process of successful BIMimplementation. Besides, they are required for effective model building,electronic file management and communication between BIM users. And they alsoplan to apply BIM as a standard design tool for housing projects starting from2014 to 2015 (Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2009).  
In addition, themainland of China also realized the importance of information system inconstruction enterprises. The Chinese government published China’s TwelfthFive-Year Plan in order to facilitate the usage of BIM in construction projectsfor AEC industry. Aiming to develop a group of leading AEC enterprises, thegovernment encourages enterprises to apply BIM with several development coreaspects, from effective productivity to higher management standards.  
Singapore
In order to achieveefficiency in construction projects, Singapore Building and ConstructionAuthority (BCA) mandated BIM e-submission of architectural, structural andmechanical and electrical plans for building works for regulatory approval by2015. Moreover, the BCA also established a BIM fund for Singapore registeredfirms which are the member of an on-going or upcoming construction projects.The purpose of the fund is to encourage those firms to utilize fullycollaborative BIM technology in actual projects by supporting a wide coverageof costs, such as training costs, consultancy services costs and BIM hardwareand software costs and projects which demonstrate at least 10% rework reductionor productivity improvement in key business processes, for example, performingclash detection using BIM during tender or construction stage (Building andConstruction Authority, 2011).
UnitedStates
The United States isthe first country which starts to apply BIM. Since its first application ofBIM, the technology has been well developed that many parties in the US havemade full use of BIM, ranging from public equipment to military construction projects.
The US GeneralServices Administration (GSA), which serves the federal government and hencethe US public in areas such as office equipment and integrated informationtechnology, has established the National 3D-4D-BIM Program in over 35 ongoingprojects across US. The BIM technology was applied throughout a project’slifecycle, including spatial program validation, 4D phasing, laser scanning,energy and sustainability, circulation and security validation, and buildingelements.
The US Army Corps of Engineers(USACE), which is responsible for enhancing US’s security by providing andmaintaining America’s infrastructure and military facilities, developed a 15years BIM roadmap in 2006 - Building Information Modelling (BIM): A Roadmap forImplementation to Support MILCON Transformation and Civil Works Projects withinUSACE. The roadmap indicates that it would use BIM in upcoming militaryconstruction projects. The USACE also published BIM Implementation Plan forMilitary Construction Projects in January 2011, aiming to utilize BIMtechnology to provide powerful tools to reduce building life-cycle costs andimprove building efficiency and quality.
Australia
According toCooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation, Australia releasedNational Guidelines for Digital Modelling in 2009. In the article, it supportsthe usage of collaborative BIM as they believe that BIM technology wouldimprove the present situation of productivity and gain greatest benefits, inspite of the modification and adoption work needed to be done. From thearticle, BIM technology could be used in different construction stages andplayed different but important roles, ranging from the design stage (includingthe pre-design stage, the conceptual design stage, schematic design stage anddeveloped design stage) to the management stage (Cooperative Research Centrefor Construction Innovation, 2009)
UnitedStates and Western Europe confirms
However, looking atBIM implementation on another angle, BIM firmly entrenched and is expanding inthe AEC industry, according to the reports conducted within the United Statesand Western Europe confirms.
The Business Value ofBIM: Getting Building Information Modelling to the Bottom Line (McGraw-HillConstruction, 2009), states that about half of the US AEC industry is usingBIM, a 75% increase since 2007. According to The Business Value of BIM inEurope: Getting Building Information Modelling to the Bottom Line in the UnitedKingdom, France, and Germany (McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010), 36% of theindustry in Western Europe has implemented BIM.
The report in 2009states that six out of ten architects in the United States adopt BIM models,with half of those users also conducting analysis on these models. According tothe report in 2010 about BIM application in Europe, in Western Europe 70%architects who adopt BIM believe that it leads to a better-designed project.The report in 2009 states that in the next two years, the use of BIM ispredicted to double by structural engineers, triple by mechanical, electrical,and plumbing (MEP) engineers, and quadruple by civil engineers. The report in2010 on BIM in Europe states that in Western Europe nearly 70% of engineersthink positive ROI and 62% found BIM to be of high or very high value during theconstruction stage. According to the report in 2009, the use of BIM among UScontractors has almost quadrupled in the past two years, with half of allcontractors currently using BIM. The report in 2010 on BIM in Europe reportsthat 52% of contractors in Western Europe found BIM to be of high or very highvalue during the construction phase. 70% US owners surveyed by the report in2009 showed a positive ROI by using BIM. In Western Europe, 65% of the ownerssurveyed report asking for BIM, according to the report in 2010 on BIM inEurope.
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